CONGREESS All Set to Use ULFA for ELECTORAL Gain as Insurgency in North East like Maoist Menace in central India,has Always Been PROMOTED by New Delhi!Govt stoops to ULFA, rebel Hazarika released!

CONGREESS All Set to Use ULFA for ELECTORAL Gain as Insurgency in North East like Maoist Menace in central India,has Always Been PROMOTED by New Delhi!Govt stoops to ULFA, rebel Hazarika released!

RSS' anti-Congress stand subdued: Nitin Gadkari

Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -FIVE HUNDRED  SIXTY One

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CONGREESS All Set to Use ULFA for ELECTORAL Gain as Insurgency in North East like Maoist Menace in central India,has Always Been PROMOTED by New Delhi.Meanwhile,Nitin Gadkari the BJP president said that at some tough times RSS' response to Congress party has been a subdued one.

"We are happy the Ulfa leaders have decided to join the peace process and from our side we are ready to walk the extra mile and even approve the idea of the Ulfa leaders joining politics as well," Assam chief minister Tarun Gogoi told IANS. more by Tarun Gogoi - 7 hours ago - Hindustan Times (5 occurrences)

Govt stoops to ULFA, rebel Hazarika released!One of the deadliest separatist groups in the northeast, United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) softened its adamant demands for the freedom of Assam. ULFA chief Arabinda Rajkhowa informed that the insurgent group is ready for a peace talk with government without any condition.Rajkhowa was released from jail on bail on Dec 31 and claimed, "We are ready for talks with the Government. There are no ideological differences within the ULFA."


Peace is always alluding in the Himalayan Abriginal Landscape including Kashmir and entire North East.Despite so many Peace Intiative and Agreements, Insurgency has to continue under AFPSA Military Rule and Disturbe Area Act!

1. Insurgency in Northeast India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2. Various groups are involved in the Insurgency in Northeast India, India's north east states, which are connected to the rest of India by a narrow strip of ...

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28. 8 Jan 2011 ... For development of the North-east, the party has set up a group of policy researchers and experts to prepare a North-East India 2025 vision ...

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30. Insurgency and Economic Development in North East India

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In Central India, maoists do NEVER attack Corporate interest of MNCs anywhere as the Aboriginal Indigenous Communities and Refugees are stranded inCROSS Fire! Maoist Menace supported by Military Action and Salawa Judum in Chhattisgarh as well as Bengal only does VICTIMISE the Masses NOT those RESPONSIBLE for Mass Destruction of Nature and Nature Assocaited Communities. It does NEVRER lead the RESISTANCE against the Monoplistic AGGRESION rather it works as STIMULUS for Ethnic Cleansing and ECLUSION, Alienation and further SEGREGATION!

Nationalist Stance of North East Insurgency as a whole Isolates the Region from Rest of the Country and Intense ETHNONATIONALISM Never does target the CORPORATE, MNCs or Market Dominating Communities.

The Aboriginal Indigenous Communities Bleed only as only they are choosen to be KILLED!

Unprecedented Violence in Bengal is Covered up by Maoist Menace as Glorified by the Brahaminical Civil society has made Hell LOOSE in the Jungle Mahal.

Everywhere, every Time,the Killed and wounded people happen to be amongst the Under previleged masses.

It is all over the same case.

Exclusive Economy is based on EXCLUSION, ETHNIC Cleansing and Genocide culture and the Aboriginal Indigenous Human scape has to undergo Continuous Holocust to sustain the Manusmriti Zionsit Global Corpoarate hegemony!

RSS Never OPPOSED US Corporate Imperialism or ECONOMIC Reforms!RSS aligned with Congress to Continue Maosit Menace as well as INSURGENCY countrywide so that the EXCLUSIVE Economy of calamaties, exclusion, pendamics, exodus, holocaust may CONTINUE. Global Hindutva and Zionism Share the Galaxy Hegemony in US ISRAEL lead. Who lit the Fire in ASSAM? Just ask? Who supported Operation Blue star and Who triggered the SIKH Genocide? DID RSS oppose Indo US Nuclear Deal or Strategic Realliance in US ISRAEL Lead? The Marxist in bengal and RSS in CHHATSHGARGH share the most disgusting experiment of Genocide culture SALWA JUDUM!

Now,Gadkkari said, "I do not mind if we even lose at times. But, even at tough times, the Sangh has spoken about Congress in a subdued tone."


Gadkari, who has often been accused of not standing by the RSS when Congress launched the 'saffron terror' campaign, described the Sangh as a democratic organisation and said, "In spite of nearly 85 years of service to the nation, when it comes to the Sangh's image before media and many people, it is a matter of image vs reality."

Launching a scathing attack on the Congress, he added, "The Congress has blackened its face in the 2G spectrum scam and now more details about the Bofors case are emerging... They are now trying to divert attention by pointing fingers at RSS time and again."

Speaking about the Samjhauta blast probe, he said, "First, there was talk of involvement of outsiders in the Samjhauta Express blast, as stated by America too. Now, saying another thing... it is all vote-bank politics."

He was speaking at the launch of Mumbai-based Ratan Sharda's book, 'Secrets of RSS: Demystifying the Sangh. The 264-page book covers the history, philosphy and organisational structure of the Sangh.

PakTribune.com

Many loose ends in Samjhauta blast case

Times of India - ‎6 hours ago‎

CHANDIGARH: There are many loose ends that still need to be tied up in the Samjhauta blasts case even as National Investigation Agency (NIA) has announced a cash reward on three suspects and Swami Aseemanand made a confessional statement, accepting the ...

Video: India embarrassed by Samjhauta blast probe? NDTV.com

Premature to share Samjhauta blasts probe update, says India The Hindu

Hindustan Times - Indian Express - Daily News & Analysis - Daily Times

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Indian Express

RSS' anti-Congress stand subdued: Nitin Gadkari

Oneindia - ‎3 hours ago‎

New Delhi, Jan 12: Nitin Gadkari the BJP president said that at some tough times RSS' response to Congress party has been a subdued one.

Nitin Gadkari says RSS' anti-Congress stand is subdued Indian Express

BJP questions move to link 'ISI mole' to Hindu terror Times of India

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All is well, says Praful, after spat over Rahul's coalition remark

NDTV.com - ‎38 minutes ago‎

New Delhi: After Sharad Pawar's party took very public offense to a remark by Rahul Gandhi, the Congress said Gandhi had been misquoted.

Video: Division emerging within Cong led UPA NewsX

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Sify - indiablooms - IBNLive.com - Economic Times

The ULFA wants a peaceful and negotiated solution to the 30-year-old conflict in Assam, its ''finance secretary'' Chitrabon Hazarika, last of the group''s central committee members to be freed on bail, said today.

After his release from Guwahati Central Jail, Hazarika told waiting newsmen that he had discussions with the Centre''s interlocutor P C Haldar while in jail.

Asked if ULFA ''commander-in-chief'' Paresh Baruah will participate in the peace talks, Hazarika said since he himself was in jail he was unaware of it, but expressed confidence that the elusive leader will come forward.

Referring to the illegal influx from Bangladesh, Hazarika said special measures will have to be taken against infiltration.

Hazarika was caught by Bangladesh security forces in Dhaka along with ULFA ''chairman'' Arabinda Rajkhowa and others on November 30, 2009 and subsequently lodged in the Guwahati Central Jail.

Earlier, ULFA central committee members Rajkhowa, ''vice chairman'' Pradip Hazarika, ''deputy c-in-c'' Raju Baruah, ''foreign secretary'' Sashadhar Choudhury, besides Hazarika, Pranati Deka and ''central publicity secretary'' Mithinga Daimary, ideologue Bhimkanta Buragohain, and the group''s east zone in-charge Ramu Mech were released on bail.

''General secretary'' Anup Chetia is in a Bangladesh jail.

Two other central committee members, Ashanta Baghphukan and Robin Neog were declared missing after the 2003 ''Operation All Clear'' in Bhutan against ULFA camps on its soil.

Another commander of the armed wing Jibon Moran is still absconding.
Addressing a public rally in Assam, Rajkhowa also claimed, "If our peace efforts fail we will come back to you and seek your guidance on whether to take up arms again or fight it out politically for our rights."

Both center and state government seem to be keen on beginning the much awaited peace talk as over citing the forthcoming assembly elections in Assam.

Rajkhowa also reiterated his demand of release of general secretary Anup Chetia from a Bangladesh jail.

It is now expected that more ultra leaders will be released soon to facilitate the group's general council meeting, in which a formal decision will be taken on unconditional peace talks with the government.

Both ULFA leaders and government may move to the peace talk for their own interest but peace and political reconciliation have been long overdue in Assam which has experienced various insurgencies since 1979 when ULFA was formed.

Assam government on Wednesday, Jan 12 released another United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) leader Chitraban Hazarika. The new move proved that both ULFA and government are very much keen to pave the path for peace talk.

After his release from jail on bail, Hazarika stated, "I would like to thank the state and the central government for facilitating my release and also the release on bail of all the other ULFA leaders by respecting our desire for opening peace talks to bring about a political settlement to the problem."


Government's move towards peace talk with ULFA began with the release of vice president of the terror outfit in North-East, Pradep Gogoi in 2010 and soon government released other leaders like chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa, Mithinga Daimary, Sashadhar Choudhury and many others.


"We will now hold peace talks with the Indian government and try to find the solution for the prevailing issues. It is not a matter of today, it is an unresolved issue being carried from last 30 years," stated Choudhury on Jan 11.

Rajkhowa meets Ulfa boss's mum Times of India - ‎16 hours ago‎ DIBRUGARH: Two days ago, Ulfa chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa had said he would try to bring the outfit's elusive military boss, Paresh Baruah, ... Victims of Ulfa violence livid at Rajkhowa remarks Times of India - ‎22 hours ago‎ GUWAHATI: Ulfa chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa's public speeches in Darrang and Sivasagar have antagonized families affected in violence carried out by the ... Sasadhar walks to freedom, talks tough on dialogue Times of India - Prabin Kalita - ‎22 hours ago‎ GUWAHATI: The proposed peace talks between Ulfa and the government may not be smooth as expected. Soon after walking out of jail on Tuesday, Ulfa foreign ... MILITANT LEADER RELEASED FROM CENTRAL JAIL IN NORTHEASTERN INDIA Sify - ‎Jan 11, 2011‎ Sashadhar Chaudhary, the self-proclaimed Foreign Secretary of United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), a militant separatist outfit, is released from the ... ULFA not interested in politics: Sashadhar Economic Times - ‎Jan 11, 2011‎ NALBARI: The proscribed ULFA today ruled out joining politics and instead said it wanted to work for the state and find a solution to the decades-long ... ULFA leader wants immediate end to infiltration The Hindu - ‎Jan 11, 2011‎ PTI The banned ULFA on Tuesday raised its voice for the first time against Bangladeshi infiltration in Assam and warned that the problem will soon become a ... Two top UFLA leaders released in Guwahati IBNLive.com - ‎Jan 10, 2011‎ Guwahati: Days after chairman of the outlawed United Liberation Front of Asom, Arabinda Rajkhowa, was released, the outfit's foreign secretary Sasha ... Ulfa foreign & finance secretary gets bail Times of India - ‎Jan 10, 2011‎ GUWAHATI: After spending more than 13 months in judicial custody, Ulfa foreign secretary Sasadhar Choudhury may walk out of the central jail as his bail ... No amnesty plan for Ulfa men, says Assam CM Hindustan Times - ‎Jan 10, 2011‎ Assam chief minister Tarun Gogoi on Monday ruled out general amnesty for members of the banned United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) despite an atmosphere ... Govt wants early talks with ULFA, no general amnesty: Tarun Gogoi Daily News & Analysis - ‎Jan 10, 2011‎ Place: GUWAHATI | Agency: PTI The government has not thought of granting general amnesty to ULFA though it can give safe passage to the rebels to start ... All 37 related articles »

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1. United Liberation Front of Asom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2. The United Liberation Front of Asom is a separatist group from Assam, among many other such groups in North-East India. It seeks to establish a sovereign ...

3. Top leaders - History - ULFA according to itself - ULFA according to Government ...

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Premature to share Samjhauta blasts probe update, says India
Vinay Kumar
NEW DELHI: The Union government on Tuesday ruled out sharing of information with Pakistan on the probe into the Samjhauta Express bomb blasts at this stage, saying it was "too premature."
New Delhi's response came a day after Islamabad asked India to provide an early update to it on the investigation into the 2007 blasts in the wake of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh leader Swami Aseemanand admitting to his role in the incident.
The Home Ministry has informed the External Affairs Ministry to convey to Pakistan that India could not share details of the Samjhauta probe right now, as investigations by the National Investigation Agency were still at a preliminary stage.
"It is too premature to share any information with anyone at this stage. The investigation is still on. When it is completed, we will take an appropriate decision," sources in the government said.
PTI reports:
India should share with Pakistan the findings of its probe into the Samjhauta Express blast in which 42 Pakistanis were killed, Pakistan Foreign Office Spokesman Abdul Basit said in Islamabad on Tuesday.
He termed the blast a big conspiracy. Various elements, including "Indian terrorist network," were involved in it, he said. "Forty-two people were killed in the blast, but India has never provided us a single report about it," he told the state–run PTV.
"We want to discuss all strategic issues with India which were included in composite dialogues such as Kashmir, terrorism, Siachen, economic, cultural issues, etc," he said.
The Kashmir issue must be resolved in accordance with the aspirations of Kashmiri people and the United Nations resolutions, he noted.
He said it was difficult to sustain good ties with India without resolving the Kashmir issue. Responding a question, he said Pakistan, being a victim of terror itself, would of course want to discuss the issue with India.
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http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/12/stories/2011011261220100.htm

BJP questions move to link 'ISI mole' to Hindu terror

TNN, Jan 12, 2011, 05.01am IST

NEW DELHI: The BJP on Tuesday persisted with its defiant stand on saffron terror, dubbing the current focus of investigating agencies on Hindutva radicals as a political conspiracy and an attempt to turn popular attention away from cases of corruption.

BJP chief Nitin Gadkari said the charge against senior RSS functionary Indresh Kumar was an outcome of "vote bank politics" and a diversionary ploy.

He also emphasized that the slain chief of Maharashtra ATS, Hemant Karkare, had in his laptop statements of Srikant Purohit and other accused in the Malegaon blast case where they talked of their plan to eliminate RSS chief Mohanrao Bhagwat and Indresh Kumar. Saying that Malegaon accused were also convinced that Indresh was an ISI agent, the BJP chief said how could the RSS leader be plotting terror attacks with the same set of people.

" Congress has not let go of any opportunity to damage the image of the Sangh and each time, RSS has only emerged stronger than before after such attacks on it," said Gadkari, widely seen as a RSS nominee.

The continued attack on investigating agencies flies in the face of BJP's own demand that they should be given a free hand to investigate terror cases. The party has consistently attacked those who have criticised the probe bodies for "framing innocent Muslim youth" in terror cases.

Significantly, the party is persisting with its own "conspiracy theory" even when fear seems to be growing whether Indresh, a member of RSS's central committee, indeed crossed the line moving too close to the radicals accused of attacking mosques and a train carrying Pakistani citizens back home.

Sources said that sections in Sangh Parivar were also not sure of how the charge of "saffron terror" may play with its constituency. The assertion by RSS chief Mohanrao Bhagwat on Monday that the organization had cast aside the extremists was seen as an attempt to to reassure those who consider terror to be inimical to "Hindu ethos".

Read more: BJP questions move to link 'ISI mole' to Hindu terror - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-questions-move-to-link-ISI-mole-to-Hindu-terror/articleshow/7264417.cms#ixzz1ApszCZ3i

Saffron terror: Leads aplenty, but little work on unravelling network

TNN, Jan 12, 2011, 04.59am IST

NEW DELHI: The reach and depth of the Hindu fringe network that carried out the bombings of Samjhauta Express, Malegaon, Mecca Masjid and Ajmer Sharif is still not fully unearthed, according to sources who were involved in the investigations.

In the interrogation of Swami Aseemanand, Lt Col Srikant Purohit, Pragya Thakur and other members of the group, several names had cropped up but the agencies have "not carried out a comprehensive check on all of them", a source said. Purohit spoke about at least one individual from Karnataka having obtained IED expertise through his network but there are no clear answers if this expertise was utilized in any action anywhere.

Sources said there were several names, especially from MP and Maharashtra, that needed to be looked into in detail. Many are also worried about the fact that the entire financing details of the network have yet not been probed. During the interrogation of Shyam Apte, Pune-based RSSmember who organized funds for Abhinav Bharat, he had revealed that the money for funding the extremist group came from a major industrialist.

Purohit, who founded Abhinav Bharat, told interrogators about one Pravin, a 30-year-old who had come from Belgaum, Karnataka, on the reference of Sri Ram Sene leader Vilas Pawar. Pravin, who was carrying a large amount of material on explosives downloaded from the internet, met Purohit in Panchmari in August 2008, asking him for training in making IEDs. After initial reluctance, Purohit is believed to have put Pravin in touch with Dhawade, who imparted lessons to Pravin, according to investigators.

During investigations over the past two years, there were clear indications of many other contacts of this fringe group. Some of them had direct interest in explosives and shared similar violent sympathies, sources said. For example, reports about meetings in Delhi and Kolkata involving self-styled Faridabad-based Shankaracharya Dayanand Pandey, Purohit etc also mentions participants from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh. "We haven't really gone into them all," the source said.

Over the past couple of years, investigators had also noticed a trend in anonymous letters, written mostly in the name of Islamist terror groups. "There were enough reasons for us to investigate them," the source said, hinting that those letters may have been a deliberate act by a small group, as part of a larger conspiracy.

Read more: Saffron terror: Leads aplenty, but little work on unravelling network - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saffron-terror-Leads-aplenty-but-little-work-on-unravelling-network/articleshow/7264405.cms#ixzz1Apt9yPzr

12/01/2011

CAG hits out at Sibal

New Delhi: Hitting out at Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal, Parliament's Public Accounts Committee (PAC) on Wednesday said his "improper" remarks against the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) on the 2G spectrum issue had hurt the dignity of the government auditor.
PAC Chairman Murli Manohar Joshi also said that the committee members had asked him to take appropriate steps to ensure that such instances do not recur.
"The sense of the committee was that Sibal's remarks were improper, against propriety and an attack on the dignity of PAC and CAG," Joshi told reporters in New Delhi.
He said the forum of the Committee was available to the minister to make any observation or suggestion on the report of the CAG on alleged irregularities in the 2G spectrum allocations.
Joshi launched a defence of the CAG contending that the auditor had never said the estimate on presumptive losses to the exchequer were final. "The CAG had only mentioned three different figures based on three different models to calculate the presumptive loss. It had never said the report was final," he said.
To a question on whether Sibal's remarks amounted to breach of privilege, the BJP leader said as of now he was not in a position to say anything on the issue.
However, he said the PAC would consider steps that were necessary to avoid repeat of such incidents.
In reply to a question, Joshi said there was no suggestion or proposal before the Committee on Wednesday to call Sibal for seeking clarification on his remarks.
At a press conference last week, Sibal had described as "utterly erroneous and without any basis" the estimated loss of Rs. 1.76 lakh crore arrived at by the CAG on account of allocation of 2G spectrum to telecom operators.
Source: PTI

Another scam hits Defence Ministry

New Delhi: The Defence Ministry appears to have been hit by yet another scam allegedly involving a former Minister of State for Defence Production and former Army Chief, with a top army commander saying they had facilitated "illegal" sale of a prime piece of land in Mumbai.
After receipt of the report from Southern Army Commander Lt Gen Pradeep Khanna, Army Chief Gen V. K. Singh on Wednesday indicated that a CBI probe could be recommended into the 2007 incident when Rao Inderjit Singh was the Minister and Gen Deepak Kapoor was the Army Chief.
Lt. Gen. Khanna has alleged in a report to the Army Headquarters that the plot of land in Kandivali-Malad area in Mumbai, which was with the Army on lease, was sold "illegally" to a private builder in 2007 at the intervention of Mr. Inderjit Singh and Gen Kapoor, Army sources said on Wednesday.
In his report which has been forwarded by the Army to the Ministry, the Pune-based Army Commander has recommended a proper investigation into the entire issue.
"We have received the report and we are examining it," Defence Minister A. K. Antony said in New Delhi.
The Army Chief hinted at recommending a CBI probe in the alleged scam. "We have received the report from the Southern Army Commander... We will have to do something of that sort," he said when asked if the Army was planning to order a CBI probe into the scam.
Inderjit Singh denied any wrongdoing on his part. He contended that his alleged note was dated November 2007 while the land was sold by Maharashtra government in June 2007 and possession was given in July 2007. "How can a note written four months after the transfer affect transaction," he asked when his reaction was sought.
Gen Kapoor was not immediately available for comment.
The land in question belongs to the State government and had been on rent with the Central Ordnance Depot since 1942.
Source: PTI
12/01/2011

Cracks in UPA: NCP calls Rahul arrogant for price rise comment

New Delhi: The Nationalist Congress Party, a major constituent of the UPA, today hit out at Congress leader Rahul Gandhi for blaming coalition compulsions for price rise, saying his statements should reflect "humility" and not "arrogance".
A day after Gandhi made the comments which seemed to target Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar, NCP General Secretary and spokesman D P Tripathi said the Congress leader's statement was not based on facts.
"The Congress party is the principal party in the UPA and any statement of the leader of that party should reflect humility and not arrogance," Tripathi told a press conference here.
Describing Gandhi's statement as "unfortunate", the NCP leader said no single minister, including Pawar, could be held responsible for the price rise as "it is the collective responsibility" of the government.
"I have always admired Rahul Gandhi and wished him success in politics. But I felt sad that such an important political leader of the UPA and the Congress party has made a statement which is not based on facts," Tripathi said.
He said Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has complimented Pawar for handling the Food and Agriculture portfolio.
Sending out a message to the Congress, the NCP spokesperson made it clear that it would have to live with coalition politics as a single-party rule is not possible in the "distant" and "foreseeable" future.
"These are the days of pluralism... coalition rule has arrived," Tripathi said.
Noting that the essence of the people's verdict in 2004 and the 2009 general elections was to follow the "coalition course and not the collision course", he said any attack on coalition politics would amount to attacking the verdict of India.
At an interaction in Lucknow on Tuesday, Rahul Gandhi was asked about the government's failure to control price rise. He was also reminded that his grandmother, the late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, had done a better job in keeping prices low.
Gandhi had replied that Indira ruled a single-party government while the present government has "compulsions".
Tripathi, however, countered the biggest mass movement against price rise had taken place in 1974-75 when Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister.
NCP Vice President and Union Minister Praful Patel, however, sought to undertake a damage-control exercise, saying Gandhi had not criticised anybody in particular.
"I don't think Rahul Gandhi's statement should be read in the context of current coalition as he was replying to a general question asked to him by students. He has not criticised any party in particular," Patel said.
Source: Indian Express
12/01/2011

Election Commission may reduce minimum voting age to 16

Bhubaneshwar: The Election Commission today said it was examining a proposal to reduce the minimum age for voting right to 16 years from the existing 18.
"We may recommend to the government to reduce the minimum voting age to 16 years, if more youths, particularly new voters, participate in the electoral process," Chief Election Commissioner Y S Quraishi told a meeting organised by Youth United for Voter Awareness (YUVA), an NGO.
Though above 35 per cent of voters were youths, their participation was the lowest, he said.
Quraishi said though the minimum voting right age was reduced to 18 from 21 years, participation of new voters was not up to expectation.
As the present day youths were well versed with technologies and comparatively better informed, there was no harm in reducing the minimum voting right age to 16 years, he said.
The EC will launch an awareness drive among students to inform about the rights and significance of participation, he said.
The awareness campaign would include meetings, rallies, seminars and other activities to attract youths to the electoral process, the CEC said after releasing a document prepared by YUVA on youth participation in elections.
Quraishi also said the EC was working on establishing the Indian Institute of Democratic Studies on the lines of IIT and IIM to educate government officials, students and others from within the country and abroad about various aspects of the democratic processes.
Source: Agencies

Insurgency in Northeast India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(February 2010)

Assam Conflict
North East States
Date 1964-present Location Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura,Meghalaya and Mizoram, Northeast India Result Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
India	ULFA KLNLF  NDFB ANLA  UNLF PLA PREPAK NSCN NLFT ATTF ANVC HNLC HPC (until 1992) HPCD BNLF KYKL ZRF
Commanders and leaders
Vijay Kumar Singh	Arabinda Rajkhowa  Paresh Baruah  Anup Chetia  Sabin Boro  Kalalung Kamei  Arambam Samerendra Angami Zapu Phizo Biswamohan Debbarma Ranjit Debbarma
Casualties and losses
Since 2005: 330 killed	Since 2005: 2,509 killed
Since 2005: 1,772 civilians killed [1]

[show]v · d · e Internal conflicts in India

Various groups are involved in the Insurgency in Northeast India, India's north east states, which are connected to the rest of India by a narrow strip of land known as the Siliguri Corridor or Chicken's Neck. Much of the region is notably ethnically and linguistically different from the rest of India. In the region several armed factions operate. Some groups call for a separate state, others for autonomy while some extreme groups demand nothing but complete independence.

Northeastern India consists 7 states (also known as the seven sisters): Assam,Meghalaya, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland. Tensions exist between these states and the central government as well as amongst the tribal people, who are natives of these states, and migrant peoples from other parts ofIndia.

The states have accused New Delhi of ignoring the issues concerning them. It is this feeling which has led the natives of these states to seek greater participation in self-governance. There are existing territorial disputes between Manipur and Nagaland.

There is a rise of insurgent activities and regional movements in the northeast, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Tripura. Most of these organizations demand independent state status or increased regional autonomy andsovereignty.

Regional tensions have eased off as of late, with Indian and state governments' concerted effort to raise the living standards of the people in these regions. However, militancy still exists within the region. Among the rebellions in the area are Tripura Rebellion and Assam Conflict.

Contents  [hide] 1 Assam 1.1 ULFA 1.2 NDFB 2 Manipur 2.1 Peoples Liberation Army 2.2 UNLF 2.3 PREPAK 3 Nagaland 3.1 NSCN-IM 3.2 NSCN-K 4 Tripura 4.1 National Liberation Front of Tripura 4.2 All Tripura Tiger Force 5 Meghalaya 5.1 ANVC 5.2 HNLC 6 Mizoram 6.1 Hmar People's Convention-Democracy - HPC(D) 6.2 BNLF 7 See also 8 References

[edit]Assam

Main articles: Assamese nationalism, Bodo nationalism, and Assam conflict

[hide]Organizations listed as terrorist groups by India
Northeastern India
National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM) Naga National Council-Federal (NNCF) National Council of Nagaland-Khaplang United Liberation Front of Asom People's Liberation Army (Manipur) Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL) Zomi Revolutionary Front
Kashmir
Al-Badr Al-Badr Mujahideen Al Barq (ABQ) Al Fateh Force (AFF) Al Jihad Force (AJF)/Al Jihad Al Mujahid Force (AMF) Al Umar Mujahideen (AUR/Al Umar) Awami Action Committee (AAC) Dukhtaran-e-Millat (DEM) Harakat-ul-Ansar Harakat-ul-Jihad-I-Islami Harakat-ul-Mujahideen Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) Ikhwan-ul-Musalmeen (IUM) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) Lashkar-e-Mohammadi Jammat-ul-Mujahideen (JUM) Jammat-ul-Mujahideen Almi(JUMA) Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP) Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front(JKIF) Jammu and Kashmir Jamaat-e-Islami (JKJEI) Lashkar-e-Toiba (LET) Jaish-e-Mohammed Kul Jammat Hurriyat Conference(KJHC) Mahaz-e-Azadi (MEA) Muslim Janbaaz Force(MJF/Jaanbaz Force) Muslim Mujahideen (MM) Hizbul Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Farzandan-e-Milat United Jihad Council Al-Qaeda Students Islamic Movement of India Tehreek-e-Jihad (TEJ) Pasban-e-Islami (PEI/Hizbul Momineen HMM) Shora-e-Jihad (SEJ) Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen (TUM)
North India
Babbar Khalsa Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan Communist Party of India (Maoist) Dashmesh Regiment International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) Kamagata Maru Dal of Khalistan Khalistan Armed Force Khalistan Liberation Force Khalistan Commando Force Khalistan Liberation Army Khalistan Liberation Front Khalistan Liberation Organisation Khalistan National Army Khalistan Guerilla Force Khalistan Security Force Khalistan Zindabad Force Shaheed Khalsa Force
Central India
People's war group Balbir militias Naxals Ranvir Sena
v · d · e

Assam has been the hotbed of militancy for a number of years due to its porous borders with Bangladesh and Bhutan. The main causes of the friction include the anti-foreigner agitation in the 1980s and the simmering Assam-Bodo tensions. The insurgency status in Assam is classified as very active.

[edit]ULFA

The United Liberation Front of Asom was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam through an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost out its middle rung leaders after most of them were arrested.

[edit]NDFB

The National Democratic Front of Bodoland was formed in 1989 as the Bodo Security Force, aims to set up an autonomous region Bodoland.

[edit]Manipur

Insurgent groups in Manipur are also classified as very active and stem largely from the delay in statehood.

[edit]Peoples Liberation Army

The Peoples Liberation Army is a leftist organisation formed in 1978 with the aim of liberating Manipur from India.

[edit]UNLF

The United National Liberation Front was created in 1964 and demands an independent socialist state ofManipur.

[edit]PREPAK

People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak is an armed insurgent group in Manipur demanding a separate and independent homeland.

[edit]Nagaland

Main articles: Naga nationalism and Ethnic conflict in Nagaland

Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th State of Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam.^[2]Insurgent groups classified as active, mainly demand full independence. The Naga National Council led byPhizo was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.

[edit]NSCN-IM

The National Socialist Council of Nagaland was formed in 1980 to establish a Greater Nagaland, encompassing parts of Manipur, Nagaland, the north Cachar hills (Assam). The NSCN split in 1988 to form two groups namely NSCN(IM) & NSCN(K). As of now, both the groups are in ceasefire with the Indian government. However, they continue to be actively involved in illegal activities including extortion, kidnapping, inter-factional clashes, bootlegging and recruitment.

[edit]NSCN-K

The National Socialist Council of Nagaland—Khaplang is the second faction with the same aim of a Greater Nagaland and was formed in 1988.

[edit]Tripura

Main articles: Tripuri nationalism and Tripura rebellion

The insurgent groups in Tripura were emerged in the end of the 1970s, as ethnic tensions between theBengali immigrants and the tribal native population. Their status is classified as very active.

[edit]National Liberation Front of Tripura

The National Liberation Front of Tripura was formed in March 1989

[edit]All Tripura Tiger Force

The All Tripura Tiger Force was formed in 1990 with the sole aim of the expulsion of all Bengali speakingimmigrants.

[edit]Meghalaya

Problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption. The activity status is classified as active.

[edit]ANVC

The Achik National Volunteer Council was formed in 1995 with the intentions of forming an Achik Land in the Garo Hills. As of 2010, a Suspension of Operations Agreement (SoO) between the Government and ANVC has been in force since 23 July 2004.^[3]

[edit]HNLC

The Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council aims to free the state from Garo domination and was formed in 1992.

[edit]Mizoram

Mizoram's tensions are largely due to the simmering Assamese domination and the neglect of the Mizo people. In 1986, the Mizo accord ended the main secessionist movement led by the Mizo National Front, bringing peace to the region. Insurgency status is classified as partially active, due to secessionist demands by the Hmars and the Reangs.

[edit]Hmar People's Convention-Democracy - HPC(D)

The People's Convention-Democracy was formed in 1995 to create an independent Hmar State. It is the offspring of the Hmar People's Convention(HPC), which entered into agreement with the Government of Mizoram which results in the formation of Sinlung Hills Development Council. However, of late, they have merged with other Hmar revolutionary groups in neighbouring Manipur and Assam with the aim of bringing the Hmars under one administrative unit.

[edit]BNLF

The Bru National Liberation Front was formed in 1997 to protect the rights and dignity of the Reangs. The BNLF have surrendered with 757 of their comrades to the Mizoram Government on 21 October 2006.

[edit]See also

• Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
• Naxalite
• Terrorism in India
• Human rights in India
• List of terrorist organisations in India
• Literature from North-East India

[edit]References

1. ^ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/fatalitiesnorteast2006.htm
2. ^ http.//.www.indianetzone.com/3/nagaland
3. ^ SoO Agreement with ANVC Extended by 9 Months. Ministry of Home Affairs. 3 January 2010.

• Mansi Mehrotra Bodo Uprising
• Sinlung

Categories: 20th-century conflicts | 21st-century conflicts | Organisations based in India | Independent India | Secession in India | Wars involving India

United Liberation Front of Asom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Liberation Front of Assam
Founder	Paresh Baruah
Chairman	Arabinda Rajkhowa
Commander-in-Chief	Paresh Baruah
Founded	1979
Membership	Unknown
Ideology	revolutionary political organization engaged in "liberation struggle" against India for establishment of a sovereign, independent Assam
International affiliation	Operations in India
Website
archived version

The United Liberation Front of Asom is a separatist group from Assam,^[1] among many other such groups in North-East India. It seeks to establish a sovereign Assam via an armed struggle in the Assam Conflict. The Government of India banned the organization in 1990 and classifies it as a terrorist group, while the US State Department lists it under "Other groups of concern".^[2]

ULFA claims to have been founded at the site of Rang Ghar on April 7, 1979,^[3] a historic structure from the Ahom kingdom. According to Sunil Nath, the ULFA established its relationships with Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in 1983 and with KIA, operating in Burma, in 1987.^[4] It initiated major violent activities in 1990. Military operations against it by the Indian Army that began in 1990 continues till present. In the past two decades some 10,000 people have died in the clash between the rebels and the government.^[5] On December 5, 2009, the Chairman and the deputy commander-in-chief of ULFA fell into Indian custody.^[6]

There has recently been a large ULFA crackdown in Bangladesh, which has significantly assisted the government of India in bringing ULFA leaders to talks. In January 2010, ULFA softened its stand and dropped the demand for independence as a condition for talks with the Government of India.^[7]

Contents  [hide] 1 Top leaders 2 History 3 ULFA according to itself 4 ULFA according to Government of India 5 Major activities 5.1 Assassinations 5.2 Economic subversion 5.3 Recruitment 5.4 Political activities 5.5 Extortion 5.6 Other activities 6 Surrenders 7 Secret killings of ULFA family members 8 Negotiations/talks 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links

[edit]Top leaders

Main article: List of top ULFA leaders

The major leaders of the organisation are:

• Paresh Baruah (Commander-in-Chief)
• Arabinda Rajkhowa (Chairman) (released from Government of Assam custody on January 1, 2011)
• Pradip Gogoi (Vice-Chairman) (released on bail from Government of Assam custody)
• Anup Chetia (General Secretary) (in Government of Bangladesh custody)
• Raju Barua (Deputy Commander-in-Chief) (Released on bail^[8] from Government of Assam custody ^[9])
• Sashadhar Coudhury (Foreign Secretary) (in Jail custody of Government of Assam)

[edit]History

The ULFA was started when the All Assam Students' Organization reached a high for its xenophobia of all foreigners in 1979. The founders included Paresh Baruah, Arabinda Rajkhowa, Anup Chetia, Pradip Gogoi and Bhadreshwar Gohain on 7 April 1979. It was formed at the Ahom King in Sibsagar to ensue upon an armed struggle to form a Socialist Assam.

Recruiting for the front did not begin until 1983. Soon after it finished recruitment in 1984, it began to seek out training and arms procurement from other groups such as the Kachin Independence Army(KIA) and the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland(NSCN). In 1986 it launched a fund raising "campaign" across India by way of extortion. It then began to set up camps in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh but was soon banned by New Delhi on November 7, under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967.

Starting in the early 1990s, ULFA launched an aggressive campaign with victims such as security forces, political opponents, and blasting rail links. In July 1991 the front captured and held 14 people for ransom, included in the abductees was an engineer and a national of the Soviet Union. From the 1990s on the ULFA have continued to carry out terrorist attacks. ^[10]

[edit]ULFA according to itself

[show]Organizations listed as terrorist groups by India

The ULFA is a "revolutionary political organization" engaged in a "liberation struggle" against state terrorism and economic exploitation by India for the establishment of a sovereign, independent Assam. It does not consider itself a secessionist organization, as it claims that Assam was never a part of India and as a matter of fact the Treaty of Yandaboo was signed in 1826 by General Sir Archibald Campbell on the British side, and by Governor of Legaing Maha Min Hla Kyaw Htin from the Burmese side. With the British army at Yandabo village, only 50 miles from the capital Ava, the Burmese were forced to accept the British terms without discussion.

According to the treaty, the Burmese agreed to (1) cede to the British Assam, Manipur, Rakhine (Arakan), and Taninthayi (Tenasserim) coast south of Salween river, (2) cease all interference in Cachar and Jaintia, (3) pay an indemnity of one million pounds sterling in four installments, (4) allow for an exchange of diplomatic representatives between Ava and Calcutta, and (5) sign a commercial treaty in due course.

It claims that among the various problems that the people of Assam are confronting, the problem of national identity is the most basic, and therefore it seeks to represent "independent minded struggling peoples" irrespective of race, tribe, caste, religion and nationality.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandabo

[edit]ULFA according to Government of India

The Government of India (GOI) has classified it as a terrorist organization and had banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act in1990. Concurrently, GOI started military offensives against it, named Operation Bajrang November 1990, Operation Rhino September 1991 ,Operation All Clear December 2003 and Operation Rhino 2 lead by the Indian Army. The anti insurgency operations still continues at present under the Unified Command Structure.

The Government of India accuses ULFA of maintaining links with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan and the DGFI of Bangladesh, and waging a proxy war on their behalf against India.

The outlawed group was said to be looking to China for shelter following mounting pressure from both Burma and Bangladesh, in turn pressured by India. The outfit's top commander, Paresh Baruah, was believed to be near the Sino-Burmese border looking for an alternative position for a hideout. Indian police and intelligence officials said there could be as many as 50 ULFA militants holed up in China's Yunnan Province led by the group's Lt. Partha Jyoti Gogoi.^[11]

[edit]Major activities

[edit]Assassinations

Some of the major assassinations by ULFA include that of Surendra Paul in May 1990, the brother of businessman Lord Swraj Paul, that precipitated a situation leading to the sacking of the Government of Assam under Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and the beginning of Operation Bajrang.

On the ULFA's Army Day on March 16, 2003, an IED explosion under a bus on National Highway No. 7 killed six civilians and wounded approximately 55 others.^[10]

In 1991 a Russian engineer, and national of the Soviet Union was kidnapped along with others and killed. In 1997, Sanjay Ghose, a social activist and a relative of a high ranking Indian diplomat, was kidnapped and killed. The highest government officer assassinated by the group was local AGP minister Nagen Sharma in 2000. An unsuccessful assassination attempt was made on AGP Chief Minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta in 1997. A mass grave, discovered at a destroyed ULFA camp in Lakhipathar forest, showed evidence of executions committed by ULFA.

ULFA continues to attempt ambushes and sporadic attacks on government security forces.

In 2003, the ULFA was accused of killing labourers from Bihar in response to an alleged molestation of a Mizo girl in a train passing through Bihar. This incident sparked off anti-Bihari sentiment in Assam, and ULFA saw it as an opportunity to regain its lost ground. The ULFA killed civilians of Bihari origin who had been in Assam for generations, and had been assimilated in the greater Assamese society.

On August 15, 2004, an explosion occurred in Assam in which 10-15 people died, including some school children. This explosion was carried out by ULFA. The ULFA has obliquely accepted responsibility for the blast.^[12] This appears to be the first instance of ULFA admitting to public killings with an incendiary device.

In January 2007, the ULFA once again struck in Assam killing approximately 62 Hindi-speaking migrant workers mostly from Bihar. ULFA notoriety as a directionless and unpopular organization increased, as the bomb blast victims also included several ethnic Assamese people. The Central Government made a tough response, forcing a dreaded group of ULFA - 28 Battlaian - to unilaterally bow down and seek asylum from the government. This particular one-sided ceasefire broke the backbone of ULFA.

On March 15, 2007, ULFA triggered a blast in Guwahati, injuring six persons as it celebrated its 'army day'.

[edit]Economic subversion

The ULFA has claimed responsibility for bombings of economic targets like crude oil pipelines, freight trains and government buildings, including the 7 August 2005 attack.^[13]

ULFA carried out a bombing and destruction of a five million liter pretrol reservoir at Digboi refinery in Tinsukia with an estimated property loss of Rs 200million. On the same day they also damaged a gas pipeline in Tisukia ^[10]

[edit]Recruitment

There are regular media reports of ULFA recruitment drives, especially in the rural areas. Even though many times the estimated original membership have either been captured, killed or have surrendered to government agencies, the continuing presence of ULFA members suggest that these reports are true.

[edit]Political activities

After 1985 and before it was banned in 1990, ULFA was credited in the media with many public activities.

It has continued a public discourse of sorts through the local media (newspapers), occasionally publishing its position on political issues centred around the nationality question. It has participated in public debates with public personalities from Assam. During the last two local elections the ULFA had called for boycotts, though media reports suggest that it had intimidated activists of the then ruling parties (Congressand AGP respectively).

[edit]Extortion

The ULFA is credited with some bank robberies during its initial stages. Now it is widely reported to extort businessmen, bureaucrats and politicians for collecting funds. In 1997, the Chief Minister of Assam accused Tata Tea of paying the medical bills of the ULFA cultural secretary Pranati Deka at a Mumbai hospital.

[edit]Other activities

The ULFA is reported to maintain a number of camps in Bangladesh, where members are trained and sheltered away from Indian security forces. Until recently, they had maintained camps in Bhutan, which were destroyed by the Royal Bhutan Army aided by the Special Frontier Force in December, 2003. These camps housed combatants and non-combatant families of ULFA members.

The ULFA maintains close relationships with other separatist organisations like NDFB, KLO and NSCN(Khaplang). The Indian Army notes that

"

The ULFA is fighting the jihadi war on behalf of the ISI and taking help from jihadi elements. No doubt they (ULFA leaders) are in a foreign land and are under the control of the ISI which is calling the shots and asking them to do what the ISI wants[citation needed]

"

[edit]Surrenders

Main article: SULFA

Beginning in 1990, the Government of India has attempted to wean away members of the ULFA. This occurred due to the death of the ULFA's deputy Commander in chief Heerak Jyoti Mahanta on December 31, 1991. Mr. Mahanta strongly stood against any kind of surrendering, but after his death it nevertheless happened. In 1992 a large section of second rung leaders and members surrendered to government authorities. These former members were allowed to retain their weapons to defend themselves against their former colleagues and were offered bank loans without any liabilities. This loose group, now called SULFA, has become an important element in the armed politics and business ofAssam. However there have been cases of surrenderings being staged for political and economical reasons by local and national governments.

The total number of ULFA cadres to have laid down arms has gone up to 8,718. 4,993 cadres surrendered between 1991 and 1998. 3,435 surrendered between 1998 and 2005 when a new policy to deal with the ULFA was unveiled.^[14]

[edit]Secret killings of ULFA family members

Main article: Secret-killings of Assam

During the government of AGP leader Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, a number of family members of ULFA leaders were assassinated by unidentified gunmen. With the fall of this government following elections in 2001, the secret killings stopped. Investigations into the killings culminated in the report of the "Saika Commission", presented to the Assam Assembly November 15, 2007. The report provides details about the killings, which were organized by Prafulla Mahanta in his role as the Assam Home Minister, and executed by the police, with cooperation from the Indian Army. The actual killers were surrendered elements of the ULFA, who would approach their targets at home, at night, knocking on the door and calling out in Assamese to allay suspicion. When the victims answered the door, they were shot or kidnapped to be shot elsewhere.^[15] Even the elder brother of Paresh barua,Dinesh Barua was picked up at night from his house by unidentified assamese boys along with army with weapons,and later his body was found lying near a cremation centre in Chabua.

[edit]Negotiations/talks

The ULFA has put forward a set of three preconditions for talks and negotiations with the Indian government. The government has rejected these preconditions. The preconditions are:

1. The talks should be held in a third country.
2. The talks should be held under United Nations supervision.
3. The agenda of the talks should include the sovereignty of Assam.

In 2004, the ULFA dropped the first two preconditions and offered to talk with the government. The Government of India was not ready to negotiate on the issue of sovereignty. Still some progress was made when the ULFA formed a "People's Consultative Group" in September 2005 to prepare the grounds for an eventual negotiation between the government and ULFA, which the government has welcomed.

According to the India Times, talks were first held in December 2005 at the residence of the Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh. There were three rounds of peace talks with the 11-member People's Consultative Group (PCG), headed by noted Assamese writer Indira Goswami, leading to a temporary truce in August 2006. However the truce broke down by September 26 of the same year.^[16]

Ceasefire by a portion of 28 Battalion of ULFA

Main article: 28th Battalion (ULFA)

Some leaders & cadres of the A and C companies of ULFA declared unilateral ceasefire on 24 Jun'2008 at a press meet held at Amarpur in Tinsukia district. The declared the ceasefire in order to pressurise the top brass of ULFA to sit on negotiation table with the Government of India. But the top brass of ULFA expelled the leaders of 28 Battalion led by Mrinal Hazarika and Jiten Dutta. The group later renamed as ULFA ( Pro-talk ).

Currently the 28th Battalion is under commandership of Lt Bijoy Chinese alias Bijoy Das.

[edit]See also

• SULFA
• Sanjukta Mukti Fouj
• Enigma Force
• People's Consultative Group
• List of top leaders of ULFA
• List of terrorist organisations in India
• DULFA

[edit]Notes

1. ^ United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam
2. ^ Country Reports on Terrorism, 2006
3. ^ United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam
4. ^ (Nath)
5. ^ Five killed in Assam bomb blasts - Dawn
6. ^ Ulfa leaders held, admit China link - Hindustan Times
7. ^ "ULFA softens demand on Assam independence". Reuters. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
8. ^ Times of Assam
9. ^ News Live TV
10. ^ ^a b c http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.html
11. ^ ULFA eyeing China for shelter, commander in China-Myanmar border
12. ^ [1]
13. ^ bombing of oil facilities on August 7, 2005
14. ^ ULFA morale hit as more cadres surrender Indian Express - November 02, 2007
15. ^ Saikia Commission indicts former Chief Minister Mahanta for "secret killings" The Hindu Friday, Nov 16, 2007
16. ^ "North East Military Peace Tango". The Times Of India.

[edit]References

• Nath, Sunil. "Assam: The Secessionist Insurgency and the Freedom of Minds". Faultlines (South Asia Terrorism Portal) 13. Retrieved 2007-12-29.

[edit]External links

• Bloody Tea - Program on Aljazeera telecast beginning May 30, 2007. On YouTube: Part 1, Part 2. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
• [2]
• Report on the most recent ULFA attack on poor migrant workers, January 2007
• ULFA home page
• "ULFA cadres went to Pak via Bangla for training in explosives, say Assam cops" - article in Yahoo! India News dated June 15, 2006
• "Media gag must go, journalists tell ULFA" - article in Yahoo! India News dated June 15, 2006
• "'Respect right to freedom of expression':Media to ULFA" - article in Yahoo! India News dated June 15, 2006
• "Assam on Red Alert following fresh ULFA strike" - article in Yahoo! India News dated June 12, 2006
• "Market blast kills at least 4 in Indian northeast" - article in Yahoo! India News dated June 12, 2006
• Assam: GlobalSecurity.org
• ULFA - Terrorist Group from Assam from South Asia Terrorism Portal
• "Bomb kills 10 at India Independence Parade" - article in New York Times dated August 15, 2004
• [3]
• United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam - South Asia Terrorism Portal

Categories: Politics of Assam | Secessionist organizations | Irregular military | Organisations based in India | Organisations based in Assam | Government of India designated terrorist organizations | Terrorism in Assam | Assamese nationalism

United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)

The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam. ULFA represents, as its name implies, not only the Assamese nation but also the entire independent minded struggling peoples, irrespective of different race-tribe-caste-religion and nationality of Assam.

Indian augthorities claim ULFA is under the grip of foreign agencies such as Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence.

History

The United Liberation Front of Assam, one of the  militant organisations operating in the northeast region, was established in 1979 when antiforeigners agitation launched by the All Assam Students' Union reached its peak in the state. The front was formed by Paresh Baruah along with associates including Rajiv Raj Konwar alies Arabinda Rajkhowa, Golap Baruah alies Anup Chetia, Samiran Gogoi alies Pradip Gogoi and Bhadreshwar Gohain on 7 April 1979, at the Rang Ghar pavilion of the Ahom Kings located in Sibsagar to establish a Sovereign, Socialist Assam through an armed struggle.

The front remained dormant till 1986, except recruiting its cadres between late 1983 to early 1984. Soon after establishing contacts with Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in the year 1986 for training and procuring arms, ULFA went on a fund rising spree through a train of extortion from a circle of traders, businessmen, tea gardens, both Indian and foreign owned, and others. It also set up camps in Tinsukhia and Dibrugarh districts of the state. In view ULFA's increasing militant activities in the state, New Delhi imposed President's Rule on November 7. The entire State of Assam was declared a "disturbed area. ULFA was banned under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and Indian army launched Operation Bajrang.

From the early 1990s, the front embarked on a more aggressive campaign to further its goal by targeting security forces, blasting rail links, killing political opponents and weakening basic infrastructures. On July 1991, ULFA militants abducted 14 people, including an engineer, a national of (the erstwhile) Soviet Union and demanded huge amount of money as ransom. Throughout the 1990s, the front resorted to many terrorist activities.

Strength

According to the Indian Army sources, the total strength of ULFA is around 3,000, while various other sources put the figure ranging from 4,000 to 6,000. A military wing of the ULFA, the Sanjukta Mukti Fouj (SMF) was formed on 16 March 1996. SMF has three full-fledged battalions: the 7th, 8th and the 709th. The remaining battalions exist only on paper at best they have strengths of a company or so. Their allocated spheres of operation are as follows:

• 7th Bn (HQ-Sukhini) is responsible for defence of General Head Quarter (GHQ).
  

• 8th Bn - Nagaon, Morigaon, Karbi Anglong
  

• 9th Bn Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar
  

• 11th Bn Kamrup, Nalbari
  

• 27th Bn Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Kokrajar
  

• 28th Bn Tinsukia, Dibrugarh
  

• 709th Bn Kalikhola

In the past decade nearly 2,5000 (approximate) militants, including about 200 women cadres have surrendered to the government.

Command Structure

The command structure of the ULFA comprises of Arvinda Rajkhowa as the Commander-in-Chief, Paresh Baruah is the Chairman while Pradeep Gogoi is the Vice-Chairman of the front. Vice-Chairman Pradip Gogoi was arrested on April 8, 1998 and is in judicial custody in Guwahati ever since. ULFA General Secretary, Anup Chetia is also presently under detention at the high-security Dhaka Central Jail after his arrest in Dhaka (Bangladesh) on December 7, 1997. Chittaranjan Barua, Sasadhar Chaudhary and Matinga hold Finance, Foreign and Publicity secretaries respectively. 

ULFA has a three tier organizational structure namely (i) Central Unit, (ii) District Units and (iii) Anachalik Units. The ULFA has a civil and military wing. The civil wing is headed by Paresh Baruah and military wing of the front is led by Arvinda Rajkhawa. The district units is led by district Presidents/district Commanders respectively. A district is further divided into Anchals which comprise a number of villages headed by an Anchalik President. For operational purposes, ULFA has divided entire Assam into four zones. Each zone has further divided into four regions.


Training Camps

In 1986, ULFA first established contacts with the then unified National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the Kachin Independent Army (KIA) of Myanmar for training camps and arms. 

Subsequently, the front shifted to Bangladesh its training camps. ULFA's training camps have been functioning since in the Bangladeshi soil since 1989.

But its main training camps are located in Sandrup Jongkhar, a district in Southern Bhutan that borders with Assam's Nalbari district. According to Bhutan, ULFA has six major camps between Lhamoizingkha and Daifam.

On May 17, 2003, Bhutanese King Jingme Singhye Wangchuk called upon the people to volunteer for formation of a militia force to counter Indian militant groups ULFA, NDBF and the KLO on its soil. Media report says that the 81st National Assembly of Bhutan adopted a resolution for the last attempt to persuade ULFA, NBFD, and the KLO to close down their camps within this year peacefully failing which terrorist would face military action.


Funding

The funding for the front comes from three sources:

Extortion: The front's main source of income comes from extortion from businessmen, politicians, government employees, industrialists and tea companies. It also indulges in bank robberies and other criminal activities to finance its activities.

Drug Trafficking: It is reported that the front is also involved in drug smuggling. As far back as 1988, one ULFA leader was caught with seven kilograms of Burmese heroin. Drug money had been used to purchase arms at the rate of 50,000 for automatic rifles, Rs.40,000 for pistols and Rs.45,000 for wireless sets.

There is no proper source for ULFA's annual budget but according to an accomplished journalist and security analyst from Guwahati, Mr. Jaideep Saikia's calculations, the ULFA's budget for the year 2001 was a whooping Rs.31 crore plus.

Activities

After lying low for some time during the year 2002, ULFA has begun resuming its terrorist violence. Events of the first three months of the year 2003 indicate that no respite for the people in Assam from ULFA's terrorist activities. It initiated a series of attacks on the vital public installations and civilian targets towards the latter part of the last year, and which continue into the present year, in what appeared to be a concerted bid to reestablish the fact that it is still a force to be reckoned with in Assam. The major attacks in the first quarter of the year included:

• 21 January 2003: ULFA carried out an attack on a security force (SF) camp in the Dibrugarh district, though there were no causalities.

• 7 March 2003: ULFA attacked a police commando barrack in Bongaigoan town. No fatalities were reported in this incident.

• 8 March 2003: ULFA militants triggered an explosion at a five million-litre petrol reservoir at Digboi refinery in the Tinsukia district by throwing mortar bombs, causing property loss estimated at approximately Rs 200 million. On the same day, ULFA cadres also separately damaged a gas pipeline at Kathalguri in Tinsukia. In another incident, ULFA killed two persons at a migrant's settlement and injured six more while escaping after an attack on the Darrangiri police outpost in Goalpara district.

• 16 March 2003: On ULFA's Army Day, six civilians were killed and approximately 55 others injured in an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) blast under a passenger bus on National Highway No.7 in the Goalpara district.

 The series of attacks also reinforces the groups consistent rejection of any plausible peace process.

Casualties

The front lost many of its cadres in the past one decade. From 1992 to 2001, 855 cadres of the front were killed by the Indian security forces. 


Popular Support

ULFA draws its main support from the upper Assam districts of Lakhimpur, Jorhat, Sibsagar, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Karbi Anglong, Golaghat and Sonitpur. Many of the ULFA leaders are from these districts. A large number of ULFA cadres have been recruited from the upper Assam districts. In the west, its activities and presence is low. The western districts of Assam is dominated by Bodo militants. In the districts of Kokrajhar, Barpeta and Darrang ethnic Bodo rebels such as NDFB and Bodo Security Force (BSF) militants have control over the areas. In the Southern parts of Assam, ULFA has also a low presence. The front cannot take up any activities in lower Assam districts due to lack of support base. In July ULFA went on a recruitment drive from these districts, however it received poor response from the youths and they showed their unwillingness to join the front.

The front is loosing its support because of hostile terrorist activities. Kidnapping, liquidation of common people, assassination of political opponents have caused much disenchantment among the Assamese people and their support base is beginning to dwindle in the state. The popular mood among the people of Assam is towards a negotiated settlement. Public meetings were held all over the state to issue appeals to the front to rejoin the mainstream. The pressure exerted by the military operations and the built-up public opinion took its toll on the militants morale. A section of ULFA cadres laid down their weapons en-masse before the state government in March 1992.

On ULFAs raising day (April 7, 2000) common people came out of from their home and peace rallies were held all over the state for the first time. Even newspapers carried editorials condemning the ULFA for its violence, claiming that the people were totally against its ideology. The Director General, BSF while speaking to the IAS officers course at IIC, New Delhi on October 16, 2000 stated that the ULFA has really broken up because now people are not with them. 

Another set back to the ULFA came in the form of the rejection by the people of Assam of the outfit's demand for plebiscite in Assam on the issue of sovereignty under the supervision of the UN observers. As much as 70 per cent of the state's 1.4 crore voters defied the ULFA's call for 1999 Lok Sabha poll boycott and exercise their franchise. The organisation today seeks meaning in methods and motives other than the ideologies by which it came into existence on April 7, 1979. The banned outfit is looking out soft targets to spread its terror. A rather dismal picture of an organisation which was formed to bring Aikya, Biplap and Mukti to the Assamese people.


Areas of Operation

ULFAs organisational structure is divided into four command zones and the districts under each are:    

	East Districts    (Purb Mandal)	West Districts   (Paschim Mandal)	Central Districts  (Madhya Mandal)	South Districts             (Dakhin Mandal)
	Lakhim Pur, Jorhat, Sibsagar, `Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Bokajan of Kabri, Anglong, Golaghat, Part of Sonitpur	Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Goalpara, Barpeta, Nalbari, South Kamrup	Darrang, Karbi, Anglong, Nagaon, Moirigaon, Dhemaji, Part of Sonitpur, North Kamrup	Hailakandi, NC Hills, Cachar Hills, Karimganj

Internal Linkages 

ULFA maintains close strategic links with the National Democratic Front Bodoland (NDFB). Presently, NDFB works in tandem with the ULFA. Both outfits have also set up camps in Bhutan after were driven into the Bhutanese foothills by a major Indian military offensive in 1990-1991. Sometime in 1999, the ULFA and NDFB formed a coordination committee for launching a united struggle.

Recently it has joined hands with the Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) to carry out joint operations in the areas dominated by immigrants.


External Linkages

The front maintains close relations with many militant organisations of the northeast and other groups from Myanmar. The Kachin Independent Army has traditionally been providing support to all the undergrounds in the Northeast. As per LT. Gen. V.K. Nayyer, ex Governor of Manipur, there have been confirmed reports of KIA and NSCN providing training and weapons to ULFA. But it came under pressure of joint military operations of the Indian and Myanmarese Army in April-May 1995. The ULFA and the NSCN (K) along with a foreign Army, and the Northeast Students' Organisation (NESO) have formed an umbrella organisation which calls itself the United Liberation Front of Seven Sisters with an aim of carrying out violent activites in the Northeast.

In 1989, The Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front (IBRF) was set up, which included NSCN-K, ULFA, UNLF, United Liberation Front of Bodoland, Kuki National Front (KNF) (all from India) and Chin National Front (Myanmar). It is also reported that the front has close nexus with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam. The LTTE is reported to have trained various ULFA cadres in explosives handling. The External Affairs Ministry confirmed that several top leaders of the outfit including its chairman, commander-inchief have procured foreign passports through fraudulent means.

ULFA has also established a strategic alliance with United Liberation Front (UNLF) of Manipur in August 2002. Reports hold, ULFA and NDFB procure arms from UNLF. The link between ULFA and UNLF became visible when the latter in a statement on July 17, 2002 indicated that the killing of three security forces in Assam's Cachar district by Manipur People's Army 'armed wing of UNLF was carried out at ULFA's behest. Reports indicate that ULFA, the Manipur people's Liberation Front (MPLF) a conglomerate of three militant groups United Liberation Front (UNLF), People's Liberation Army (PLA) and People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) active in Manipur, and the Tripura People's Democratic Front (TPDF), a front outfit of all the Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), operating in Tripura under a common platform have launched a 'Coordinated Regional Military Offensive for liberation of the Region from Indian colonial occupation,' code name Operation Freedom.

ULFA and other militants groups from the Northeast maintain links with the militants of Kashmir and Punjab. It also in touch with many other organisations engaged in struggles in Andra Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India.

The ULFA chairman attended the annual session of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Population in Geneva in 1997. In the same year, a four-member delegation of the ULFA including the chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa, general secretary Anup Chetia and the foreign secretary Sasha Choudhury went to Geneva and tried to enter the Unrepresented Nations Peoples Organisation (UNPO). But the permanent representative of India in the United Nations Smt Arundhuti Ghosh objected to the presence of the ULFA leaders in the meeting and raised the issue of the killing of social worker Sanjoy Ghosh by the ULFA. Finding themselves in a tight corner, the ULFA leaders were forced to leave Geneva. Its attempt to enter the Unrepresented Nations and People's Organization was blocked by the Government of India.

Of late, ULFA has spread its tentacles in West Bengal's northern districts. It has established strategic alliance with the Kamatapur Liberation Organization (KLO). Security forces believe that it was the ULFA that propped up and got the KLO formed in December 1995. The ULFA's alliance with the KLO gives it access to certain KLO controlled corridors that provide the rebels from the Assam a bridge linking their bases in Bhutan with hideouts in Bangladesh.

Publications and Website

Swadhinata (Freedom) is the mouthpiece of the front. ULFA and three Northeast insurgents launch websites www.geocities.com/CapitalHill/Congress/7434/ulfa.htm in October 1999.

SULFA

Surrendered ULFA cadres are known as SULFA. The former Chief Minster of Assam Hiteswar Saikha played a major role in splitting the front. Saikhia bestowed blue-eyed status on the surrendered boys, granting them all kinds of favours. Very soon the term syndicate, referring to its mafia-style mode of operations, became synonymous with the SULFA, coined by the local media, took on a pejorative connotation. 

Many of the surrendered ULFA have joined the security forces and are working in the state and central forces. The combined onslaught of the SULFA and the security forces took their toll on a alre

ady-weaken ULFA. The SULFA has become an effective fighting machine a

nd served as a important tool for counter insurgency in the state of Assam.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is written like a personal reflection or essay and may require cleanup. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (October 2010)

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), was passed on September 11, 1958 by the Parliament of India.^[1] It conferred special powers upon armed forces in what the language of the act calls "disturbed areas" in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. It was later extended to Jammu and Kashmir as The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990 in July 1990.^[2]

Contents  [hide] 1 The Act 2 Constitutionality and other issues 2.1 United Nations objections 2.2 Non-governmental organizations' analysis 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links

[edit]The Act

Other acts in the Constitution of India empower state governments to declare a state of emergency due to one or more of the following reasons:

• Failure of the administration and the local police to tackle local issues.
• Return of (central) security forces leads to return of miscreants/erosion of the "peace dividend".
• The scale of unrest or instability in the state is too large for local forces to handle.

In such cases, it is the prerogative of the state government to call for central help. In most cases, for example during elections, when the local police may be stretched too thin to simultaneously handle day-to-day tasks, the central government obliges by sending in the CRPF. Continued unrest, like in the cases of militancy and insurgence, and especially when borders are threatened, are the armed forces resorted to.^[3]

In a civilian setting, soldiers have no legal tender, and are still bound to the same command chain as they would be in a war theater. Neither the soldiers nor their superiors have any training in civilian law or policing procedures. This is where and why the AFSPA comes to bear - to legitimize the presence and acts of armed forces in emergency situations which have been deemed war-like by local leaders which led to the armed forces' presence in the first place.^[3][4] Without this legal protection, a soldier will not act to the best of his abilities and thus defeat the purpose of his presence.^[5][6]

[edit]Constitutionality and other issues

According to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), in an area that is proclaimed as "disturbed", an officer of the armed forces has powers to:

• "Fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the causing of death, against any person who is acting in contravention of any law" against "assembly of five or more persons" or possession of deadly weapons.
• To arrest without a warrant and with the use of "necessary" force anyone who has committed certain offenses or is suspected of having done so
• To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests.

It gives Army officers legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government's judgment on why an area is found to be "disturbed" subject to judicial review.

The Act has been employed in the Indian administrated state of Jammu and Kashmir since 1990.^[2] It was withdrawn by the Manipur government in some of the constituencies in August 2004 in spite of the Central government not favouring withdrawal of the act.

In December 2006, responding to what he said were 'legitimate' grievances of the people of Manipur, Prime Minister Manmohan Singhdeclared that the Act would be amended to ensure it was 'humane' on the basis of the Jeevan Reddy Commission's report, which is believed to have recommended the Act's repeal.^[7]

Violence has increased in the past two decades since enforcement of the Act^[8]. The state has created a "Gallantry Awards" pool for the arms forces which are awarded for elimination of insurgencies and conduction of operations. The term 'encounters' is used by the security forces to describe confrontations where it is deemed appropriate, under the provisions of the act, to employ violence.^[8]

Protests began in Kashmir valley on Sep 10, 2010, on the occasion of Eid and turned violent on Sep 11, the anniversary of the controversial act. Indian Goverenment is considering partial withdrawal of the act.

[edit]United Nations objections

When India presented its second periodic report to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1991, members of the UNHRC asked numerous questions about the validity of the AFSPA. They questioned the constitutionality of the AFSPA under Indian law and asked how it could be justified in light of Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR. On 23 March 2009, UN Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay asked India to repeal the AFSPA. She termed the law as "dated and colonial-era law that breach contemporary international human rights standards."^[9]

The Attorney General of India responded that the AFSPA is a necessary measure to prevent the secession of the North Eastern states. He said that a response to this agitation for secession in the North East had to be done on a "war footing." He argued that the Indian Constitution, in Article 355, made it the duty of the Central Government to protect the states from internal disturbance, and that there is no duty under international law to allow secession.

[edit]Non-governmental organizations' analysis

The act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a "tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination".^[10]

The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre argues that the governments' call for increased force is part of the problem.^[11]

"This reasoning exemplifies the vicious cycle which has been instituted in the North East due to the AFSPA. The use of the AFSPA pushes the demand for more autonomy, giving the people of the North East more reason to want to secede from a state which enacts such powers and the agitation which ensues continues to justify the use of the AFSPA from the point of view of the Indian Government." - The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre^[12]

A report by the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis points to multiple occurrences of violence by security forces against civilians in Manipur since the passage of the Act^[13]. The report states that residents believe that the provision for immunity of security forces urge them to act more brutally.^[13]. The article, however, goes on to say that repeal or withering away of the act will encourage insurgency.

^[14] In addition to this, there have been claims of disappearances by the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organizations.^[15][16]

A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport in January 2009.

Many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch(HRW) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indians such as "extra-judicial executions", "disappearances", and torture;^[17] the "Armed Forces Special Powers Act", which "provides impunity for human rights abuses and fuels cycles of violence. The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) grants the military wide powers of arrest, the right to shoot to kill, and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations. Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants. Such circumstances, they say, call for extraordinary measures." Human rights organizations have also asked Indian government to repeal^[18] the Public Safety Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years without a court order."^[19].

[edit]See also

• Irom Sharmila Chanu

[edit]Footnotes

1. ^ "THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958"
2. ^ ^a b "(PDF) The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990" Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Delhi
3. ^ ^a b Harinder Singh (July 6, 2010). "AFSPA: A Soldier's Perspective". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
4. ^ Anil Kamboj (October 2004). "Manipur and Armed Forces (Special Power) Act 1958". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
5. ^ "Forces need AFSPA legal shield, says Army Chief". Hindustan Times. September 18, 2010.
6. ^ Brigadier S K Chatterji (retd) (September 6, 2010). "AFSPA's demise will be a victory for terrorists". Rediff News.
7. ^ ""Humane garb for 'black law'"". December 3, 2006.
8. ^ ^a b IDSA strategic analysis: Armed Forces Special Powers Act
9. ^ "United Nations asks Indian govt to repeal AFSPA". IRNA. March 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
10. ^ "Crisis in Kashmir" Council on Foreign Relations
11. ^ India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act; 50th Anniversary of Law Allowing Shoot-to-Kill, Other Serious Abuses.Human Rights Watch
12. ^ AFSPA South Asian HRDC
13. ^ ^a b Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, 'Manipur and Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958' "the alleged rape and killing of Manjab Manorama", "security forces have destroyed homes", "arrests without warrants", "widespread violations of humane rights", "The cases of Naga boys of Oinam village being tortured before their mothers by Assam rifles Jawans in July 1987; the killing of Amine Devi and her child of Bishnupur district on April 5, 1996 by a CRPF party; the abduction, torture and killing of 15-year-old Sanamacha of Angtha village by an Assam Rifles party on 12th February 1998; the shooting dead of 10 civilians by an Assam Rifles party in November 2000 are some of the glaring examples that are still fresh in the mind of Manipuris."
14. ^ "Blood Tide Rising". TIME Magazine. January 18, 1993.
15. ^ India
16. ^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Kashmir's extra-judicial killings
17. ^ Behind the Kashmir Conflict - Abuses in the Kashmir Valley
18. ^ India: Repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act
19. ^ Behind the Kashmir Conflict: Undermining the Judiciary (Human Rights Watch Report: July 1999)

[edit]External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

• Coverage on website of South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre
• "Armed Forces Act to go from Imphal" - rediff.com article dated August 12, 2004
• Interview with Arundhati Roy on Manipur and the AFSPA, on Democracy Now

Categories: Indian Army | Kashmir conflict | Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir | Indian legislation | 1958 in law | Indian federal legislation | 1958 in India

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958
Act 28 of 1958, 11th September, 1958

An Act to enable certain special powers to be conferred upon members of the armed forces in disturbed areas in the State of ¹[Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura].

Be it enacted by Parliament in the Ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows:

1. Short Title and Extent – (1) This Act may be called² [The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958].

³[(2) It extends to the whole of the State of ⁴[Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura].

2. Definitions – In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:

(a) "armed forces" means the Military forces and the air forces operating as land forces, and includes any other armed forces of the Union so operating;

(b) "disturbed area" means an area which is for the time being declared by notification under section 3, to be a disturbed area;

(c) all other words and expressions used herein, but not defined and defined in the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950) shall have meanings respectively assigned to them in those Acts.

³[3. Power to Declare Areas to be Disturbed Areas – If, in relation to any State or Union territory of which the Act extends, the Governor of that State or the Administrator of that Union territory or the Central Government, in either case, if of the opinion that the whole or any part of such State or Union territory, as the case may be, is in such a disturbed or dangerous condition that the use of armed forces in aid of the civil powers in necessary, the Governor of that State or the Administrator of that Union territory or the Central Government, as the case may be, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare the whole or such part of such State or Union territory to be a disturbed area].

4. Special Power of the Armed Forces – Any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non commissioned officer or any other person of equivalent rank in the armed forces may, in a disturbed area-

(a) if he is of opinion that it is necessary so to do for the maintenance of Public order, after giving such due warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the causing of death, against any person who is acting in contravention of any law or order for the time being in force in the disturbed area prohibiting the assembly of five or more persons or the carrying of weapons or of things capable of being used as weapons or of fire-arms, ammunition or explosive substances;

(b) if he is of opinion that it is necessary so to do, destroy any arms dump, prepared or fortified position or shelter from which armed attacks are made or are likely to be made or are attempted to be made, or any structure used as a training camp for armed volunteers or utilised as a hide-out by armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence;

(c) arrest, without warrant, any person who has committed a cognisable offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is about to commit a cognisable offence and may use such force as may be necessary to effect the arrest;

(d) enter and search without warrant any premises to make any such arrest as aforesaid or to recover any person believed to be wrongfully restrained or confined or any property reasonably suspected to be stolen property or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances believed to be unlawfully kept in such premises and may for that Purpose use such force as may be necessary.

5. Arrested Persons to be made over to the Police – Any person arrested and taken into custody under this Act shall be made over to the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station with the least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.

6. Protection to Persons acting under Act – No persecution, suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government, against any person in respect of anything done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act.

7. Repeal and Saving – [Repealed by Amending and Repealing Act, 1960 (58 of 1960), First Schedule, sec. 2 (26-12-1960)]

---

1. Subs. By Act 69 of 1986, sec. 43, for "Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura and the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh" (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).
2. Subs. By Act 7 of 1972, sec. 3, for "the Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act., 1958" (w.e.f. 5-4-1972)
3. Subs. By Act 7 of 1972, sec. 4 (w.e.f. 5-4-1972)
4. Subs. By Act 69 of 1986, sec. 43, for "Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura and the Union territory of Arunachal Pradesh" (w.e.f. 20-2-1987).

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Next Naxalite-Maoist insurgency From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Naxalite. (Discuss) Naxalite-Maoist insurgency Map showing the districts where the Naxalite movement is active (2007) Date 1967– present Location Red Corridor Result Conflict ongoing. Belligerents  India [1]  Naxalites Commanders and leaders  K Vijaya Kumar, Dir. Gen. CRPF  Muppala Lakshmana Rao  Kishenji Strength 50,000 central police[2][3] 10,000 to 40,000 regular members and 50,000 to 100,000 militia members (2010)[4] [4][5][6][7] Casualties and losses Since 2002: 1,654 killed Since 2002: 1,777 killed 6,000+ killed overall[8] (1980-2000[9]) 564 killed overall (2001)[10] Since 2002: 4,351 civilians killed [show]v · d · e Naxalite-Maoist insurgency [show]v · d · e Internal conflicts in India The Naxalite-Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict[11] between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.[12] The insurgency started as a peasant rebellion in the eastern Indian village ofNaxalbari in 1967 and has currently spread to a large swath in the central and eastern parts of the country referred to as the "Red Corridor".[13] In 2006 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites "The single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country."[12] In 2009, he said the country was "losing the battle against Maoist rebels".[14] Naxalites claim to be supported by the poorest rural populations, especiallyAdivasis.[15] They have frequently targeted tribals, police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor[16] and follow a strategy of rural rebellion similar to that of the protracted People's War against the government.[17] The Indian government's Home Secretary G K Pillai has said that he recognises that there are legitimate grievances regarding local people's access to forest land and produce and the distribution of benefits from mining and hydro power developments,[18] but claims that the Naxalites' long-term goal is to establish an Indian Marxist state. The Home Secretary stated that the government had decided to tackle the Naxalites head-on, and take back much of the lost areas. Contents  [hide] 1 Naxalite 2 Region affected 3 History 3.1 2002 3.2 2003 3.3 2004 3.4 2005 3.5 2006 3.6 2007 3.7 2008 3.8 2009 3.9 2010 4 Human toll 4.1 Deaths related to violence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit]Naxalite Main articles: Naxalite and Communist Party of India (Maoist) Naxalites are a group of far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Their origin can be traced to the splitting in 1967 of theCommunist Party of India (Marxist), leading to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). Initially the movement had its centre in West Bengal. In recent years, it has spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern India, such as Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist).[19] As of 2009, Naxalites are active across approximately 220 districts in twenty states of India[20] accounting for about 40 percent of India's geographical area,[21] They are especially concentrated in an area known as the "Red Corridor", where they control 92,000 square kilometers.[21] [edit]Region affected See also: Red corridor The Naxalites claim to operate in 182 districts in India, mainly in the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal.[14] The area affected by Naxalism stretches from the border with Nepal to Karnataka in the South (2006).[11] In West Bengal areas west of Howrah are affected by the insurgency.[22] Chhattisgarh is the epicentre of the conflict (2007).[23] Areas governed by the elected Communist Party of India (Marxist) in India such as West Bengal, specifically those of Jangalmahal andLalgarh, are some of the worst affected by anti-state violence by Maoist groups who cite the accumulation of unaccounted for wealth in the hands of CPI-M leaders and specific failure to counter problems they were elected to address such as caste discrimination and poverty.[24] There is a correlation between areas with extensive coal resources and impact of the insurgency.[25] Naxalites conduct detailed socio-economic surveys before starting operations in a target area.[11] It is claimed that the insurgents extort 14 billon Indian rupees (more than $US300 million).[4] In Chhattisgarh, the militia group Salwa Judum (which the BBC alleges is supported by the state government,[26] an allegation rejected by the state[27][28]) was constituted in response to Naxalite activities, and has come under fire from pro-Maoist activist groups[29] for "atrocities and abuse against women",[30] employing child soldiers,[31][32] and looting and destruction of property.[30] These allegations were rejected by a fact finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by the Supreme Court of India, who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[33][34] In Bihar, the Ranvir Sena, a caste-supremacist paramilitary of the upper-caste landlords and proscribed terrorist organisation by the Indian government, has been known to kill Dalit civilians in retaliation for Naxalite activity.[35] Similar paramilitary groups have emerged in Andhra Pradesh during the last decade. Some of these groups are Fear Vikas, Green Tigers, Nalladandu, Red Tigers, Tirumala Tigers, Palnadu Tigers, Kakatiya Cobras, Narsa Cobras, Nallamalla Nallatrachu (Cobras) and Kranthi Sena. Civil liberties activists were murdered by the Nayeem gang in 1998 and 2000.[36] On 24 August 2005, members of the Narsi Cobras killed an individual rights activist and schoolteacher in Mahbubnagar district.[37][38] [edit]History Main article: Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency The Naxalite movement started when a militant section of CPI(M) led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal attacked the police on 25 May 1967 in Naxalbari village in North Bengal after a farmer was killed over a land dispute. The same year the Naxalites organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR), and later broke away from CPI(M).[39] In the 2000s there were peace talks with the state government of Andhra Pradesh.[12] [edit]2002 The People's War Group (PWG) intensified its attacks against politicians, police officers, and land and business owners in response to a July ban imposed on the group by the Andhra Pradesh government. The government responded by tightening security, allegedly ordering attacks on suspected PWG members by state police and the "Green Tigers". Police forces continued to enjoy virtual impunity for the torture and killing of PWG rebels during police encounters. The Maoist Communist Center rebels intensified their armed campaign against Indian security forces following the killing of their leader by police in December. [edit]2003 The conflict in Andhra Pradesh intensified as Naxalite rebel groups, in particular the PWG, continued guerrilla attacks on police and government targets while the security forces stepped up counter-insurgency efforts. An October assassination attempt on Chief MinisterNaidu was consistent with the PWG's practice of targeting government officials to draw attention to their cause. [edit]2004 Sporadic, low-intensity fighting between the PWG and government forces continued for most of the year. Attacks on police and TDP party officials, believed to be carried out by the PWG, accounted for most major incidents and deaths. A three-month cease-fire, announced in late June, led to failed negotiations between the government and the PWG. A few days into the cease-fire, an attack attributed to the PWG placed the cease-fire in jeopardy. [edit]2005 Violent clashes between Maoist rebels and state security forces and paramilitary groups increased following the breakdown of peace talks between the PWG and the state government of Andhra Pradesh. Rebels continued to employ a wide-range of low-intensity guerrilla tactics against government institutions, officials, security forces and paramilitary groups. For the first time in recent years, Maoist rebels launched two large scale attacks against urban government targets. Fighting was reported in 12 states covering most of south, central and north India with the exception of India's northeast and northwest. [edit]2006 Maoist attacks continued, primarily on government and police targets. Civilians were also affected in landmine attacks affecting railway cars and truck convoys. Clashes between state police and rebels also resulted in deaths of members of both parties, and civilians that were caught in the crossfire. Fighting differs from state to state, depending on security and police force responses. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, security forces have been somewhat successful in maintaining control and combating Maoist rebels. The other state that is most affected, Chhattisgarh, has seen an increase in violence between Maoist rebels and villagers who are supported by the government. [edit]2007 Fighting continued between Naxalite Maoists and government security forces throughout the year. The majority of hostilities took place in Chhattisgarh, which turned especially deadly when over 400 Naxalites attacked a Chhattisgarh police station, seizing arms and killing dozens. Civilians are now wedged between joining the Maoist insurgence or supporting the Salwa Judum and face coercion from both sides. In November 2007 reports emerged that anti-SEZ (Special Economic Zone) movements such as the Bhoomi Uchched Pratirodh Committee inNandigram in West Bengal, which arose after the land appropriation and human displacement following the SEZ Act of 2005, have joined forces with the Naxalites since February to keep the police out.[40] Recently, police found weapons belonging to Maoists near Nandigram. [edit]2008 Civilians were most affected in the ongoing fighting between Maoist rebels and government security forces. Of the 16 states touched by this conflict, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand were the most affected. One positive note for Chhattisgarh was that fatalities, although still high, were significantly down from 2007. Similarly, Andhra Pradesh, the state with the most Maoist activity a few years ago, has improved security with a corresponding drop in fatality rates. Unfortunately, as conditions have improved in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, the Maoist forces seem to have shifted their operations to the state of Orissa where conditions have worsened. [edit]2009 In September 2009 India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh admitted that the Maoists had growing appeal among a large section of Indian society, including tribal communities, the rural poor as well as sections of the intelligentsia and the youth. He added that "Dealing with left-wing extremism requires a nuanced strategy - a holistic approach. It cannot be treated simply as a law and order problem." In the first half of 2009, 56 Maoist attacks have been reported.[14] [edit]2010 During February the Silda camp attack killed 24 paramilitary personnel of the Eastern Frontier Rifles in an operation the guerillas stated was the beginning of "Operation Peace Hunt", the Maoist answer to the government "Operation Green Hunt" that was recently launched against them.[41] On 6 April, Naxalite rebels killed 76, consisting of 74 paramilitary personnel of the CPRF and two policemen. Fifty others were wounded in the series of attacks on security convoys in Dantewada district in the central Indian state of Chattisgarh.[42] The attack resulted in the biggest loss of life security forces have suffered since launching a large-scale offensive against the rebels.[42] On 17 May, a Naxalite landmine destroyed a bus in Dantewada district, killing up to 44 people including several Special Police Officers (SPOs) and civilians.[43] On 28 May the derailment of a Kolkata–Mumbai night train killed at least 150 persons. Maoists were responsible for the sabotage which caused the disaster.[44] On 29 June, at least 26 policemen are killed in a Maoist attack in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh.[45] On 29 August, a joint team of BSF and district police was attacked by the rebels in Bhuski village (Chhattisgarh) under Durg Kondal police station in the district while they were conducting routine search operations in the wee hours. Following the attack, the forces retaliated and in the action they lost five security personnel, including three BSF jawans.[46] On 29 and 30 August, rebels ambushed a joint paramilitary-police team in Bihar, killing 10, wounding 10 more, taking 4 prisoners and robbing more than 35 automatic rifles from the state forces.[47][48] The Naxalites later freed 3 of the policemen after Naxal leader Kishenji met with worried family members.[49] On 12 September, Naxalites killed 3 policemen and took 4 more hostage in an ambush in Chhattisgarh. The 4 policemen were later released without conditions after Naxal leaders listened to the appeals of family members. The freed policemen also promised the Naxals to never take up arms against the insurgency again.[50][51] On 5 October, rebels killed 4 Special Forces officers as they were on their way to a market in Maharashtra.[52] On 7 October, Naxalites attempted derailment of Triveni express ,a train of Singrauli-Bareilly route, by removing 4 fishplates and 42 sleeper clips. [53] [54] On 8 October, Naxalites triggered a landmine in the border area between Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The attack killed 3 special forces officers, wounded 2 more and completely wrecked their military jeep.[55] [edit]Human toll The first combat deaths of the insurgency were in 1980.[12] The highest number of incidents of violence has taken place in four worst-affected states—Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa—where 2,212 people lost their lives from January 2006 to August 2009.[39] Around 1,100 people are known to have died during 2009. The number includes 600 civilians, 300 security personnel and 200 rebels.[56] There were more than 40,000 displaced people in 2006.[57] According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, Naxal groups have recruited children in different capacities and exposed them to injury and death. However the same accusation has been levelled at the state-sponsored Salwa Judum anti-Maoist group, and Special Police officers (SPOs) assisting the government security forces.[58] [edit]Deaths related to violence Period Civilians Security forces Insurgents Total per period 1989-2001 1,610 432 1,007 3,049[59] 2002 382 100 141 623[60] 2003 410 105 216 731[60] 2004 466 100 87 653[60] 2005 524 153 225 902[61] 2006 521 157 274 952[61] 2007 460 236 141 837[61] 2008 399 221 214[62] 834[63] 2009 586 317 217 1,120[64] 2010 713 285 171 1,169[65] TOTAL 5,982 2,097 2,796 10,875 Period Civilians Security forces Insurgents Total per period 1996 N/A N/A N/A 156[63] 1997 202 44 102 348[63] 1998 118 42 110 270[63] 1999 115 36 212 363[63] 2000 N/A N/A N/A 50[63] 2001 N/A N/A N/A 564[10] According to the BBC, more than 6,000 people have died during the rebels' 20-year fight between 1980 and 2000.[66] Based on the above displayed statistics, it can be determined that more than 14,300 people have been killed since the start of the insurgency in 1980, of which more than half died in the last ten years. [edit]See also Naxalite Salwa Judum Red corridor Chhatradhar Mahato Operation Green Hunt List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India [edit]References ^ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm ^ http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/09/28/Indian-police-hunt-down-Maoist-insurgents/UPI-49921285669260/ ^ http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/11/22/Bomb-blast-in-India-kills-five-children/UPI-22091290426300/ ^ a b c http://csis.org/files/publication/SAM_140_0.pdf ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-29/maoists-in-india-blow-up-pipelines-as-78-billion-in-resources-threatened.html ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/20099191105479635.html ^ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/14/india_s_failing_counterinsurgency_campaign ^ "South Asia | India police die in Maoist clash". BBC News. 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "Women 'rebels' killed in India". BBC News. 2000-11-01. Retrieved 2010-05-20. ^ a b http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/ar0304-Eng.pdf ^ a b c "India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India". The Economist. 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ a b c d "Armed Conflicts Report - India-Andhra Pradesh". Ploughshares.ca. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ By FRANCE 24 (with wires)  (text). "Indian Maoists briefly hijack train during national elections". France 24. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ a b c "India is 'losing Maoist battle'". BBC News. 2009-09-15. Retrieved 2010-05-20. ^ "Primer: Who are the Naxalites?: Rediff.com news". Us.rediff.com. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "CENTRAL/S. ASIA - 'Maoist attacks' kill Indian police". Al Jazeera English. 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "Communists Fight in India « Notes & Commentaries". Mccaine.org. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms ^ Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh (2005-09-21). "The Naxalite Challenge". Frontline Magazine (The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-03-15. ^ Handoo, Ashook. "Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 2009-08-08. ^ a b "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ "West Bengal: Districts Affected by Naxalite Activity". Satp.org. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "Asian Centre for Human Rights". Achrweb.org. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxals-make-life-tough-for-cpm-cadres-in-jangalmahal/101412-37.html?from=search ^ 9 August 2006 (2006-08-09). "Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - Hidden civil war drains India's energy". Atimes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "Indian state 'backing vigilantes'". BBC News (BBC). 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2010-04-12. ^ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill Indian Express, Apr 01, 2008. ^ SC raps Chattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, March 31, 2008. ^ dnaIndia ^ a b "Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum". The Hindu (Chennai, India: The Hindu Group). 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2010-04-12. ^ "The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign." (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights(New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights): 42. 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-12. ^ "Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes". Reuters Alertnet (Reuters). 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2010-01-30. ^ 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary' The Economic Times, Oct 6, 2008. ^ DNAIndia ^ "Carnage in Narayanpur". Hinduonnet.com. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "The Vigilante groups: Of the tigers and cobras". Asian Centre for Human Rights. Retrieved 2010-04-12. ^ http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008201200.htm ^ http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm ^ a b "Naxal violence claims 2,600 lives in three years". The Times Of India. 2009-10-11. ^ "Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram", Monideepa Bannerjie, New Delhi Television, 8 November 2007. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (2010-02-16). "India Maoists attack troops' camp". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-20. ^ a b "Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes". BBC World. 6 April 2010. ^ http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/naxals-blow-up-bus-near-dantewada-33-killed-26123.php ^ "Sixty five dead after 'sabotage' derails Indian train". British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2010. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-ambush-kill-26-CRPF-men-in-Chhattisgarh/Article1-564984.aspx ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxals-kill-5-security-personnel-in-encounter/129827-37-64.html?from=tn ^ http://sify.com/news/maoists-kill-10-security-men-in-bihar-news-national-ki4suddbjbj.html ^ . http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article605580.ece. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kishenji-visits-cop-s-kin-assures-release/Article1-596475.aspx ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEgcaxywQ2PAWQMP8ajE_UmEnqwQ ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/After-12-days--Maoists-release-4-abducted-cops/690843 ^ http://sify.com/news/maoists-kill-four-maharashtra-cops-news-national-kkflufaichf.html ^ http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4445152&pgnew=false ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/naxalites-hold-lineman-hostage-remove-fish-plates/693982/ ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Landmine-blast-leaves-three-ITBP-jawans-dead-in-Chhattisgarh/Article1-610063.aspx ^ "India's Maoists offer ceasefire". BBC News. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-05-20. ^ "Reuters AlertNet - Indian Maoist violence". Alertnet.org. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ "Articles #2738 , Child Soldiers of the Naxal Movement". Ipcs.org. 2008-11-24. Retrieved 2009-07-13. ^ http://www.isidelhi.org.in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Naxals/Naxals-2001.pdf ^ a b c http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/ar0506-Eng.pdf ^ a b c http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/fatalitiesnaxalmha.htm ^ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/fatalitiesnaxal08.htm ^ a b c d e f "Armed Conflicts Report - India-Andhra Pradesh". Ploughshares.ca. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Burke, Jason (2010-05-28). "Maoists in India: Long struggle for the landless poor". The Guardian (London). ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hjfxXhNgGjp9JIyCj2ubaSKI6wIA?docId=CNG.134eae01c393f94f33516bafd808dfc9.371 ^ Bhaumik, Subir (2010-02-10). "India's Maoists 'ready for talks'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-20. [edit]External links http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/the-naxalite-insurgency-in-india-1/ [show]v · d · eNaxalite-Maoist insurgency Categories: Naxalite-Maoist insurgency | Maoism | Conflicts in 2009 | Politics of India | Independent India

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"CPIM" redirects here. For other uses, see CPIM (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Naxalism.

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Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Leader	Muppala Lakshmana Rao
Founded	21 September 2004
Ideology	Maoism Communism Marxism-Leninism Anti-Revisionist
Political position	Far-left
Website
People's March
Politics of India Political parties Elections

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist political party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India.^[1] It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC). The merger was announced to the public on October 14 the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathi as General Secretary.^[2]

They claim to be fighting for the rights of the tribes in the forest belt around central India. That region contains deposits of minerals^[3] which are of interest to mining companies like Tata andEssar. There have been numerous human rights violations of the tribal people at the hands of government agencies. ^[4] [5]

The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as Naxalites in reference to the Naxalbari insurrectionconducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967.

In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Naxalites as "the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country."^[6][7] The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act(UAPA) as a terrorist organisation ^[8] on 22 June 2009.

As of June 2010, Indian Government has identified 83 districts in 9 states as "Naxal-hit".^[9]

Contents  [hide] 1 Ideology 2 Location 3 Organisation 4 Strategy 4.1 Governance tactics 4.2 Military tactics 5 Funding 6 Legal status 7 Controversial organisation 7.1 Opposition 8 International connections 9 Recent violent activities by Maoists 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit]Ideology

Communism in India

Communist Party of India AITUC - AIKS - AIYF AISF - NFIW - BKMU

Communist Party of India (Marxist) CITU - AIKS - DYFI SFI - AIDWA - GMP

Naxalbari uprising Communist Party of India (M-L) Communist Ghadar Party of India Liberation - New Democracy Janashakti - PCC - 2nd CC Red Flag - Class Struggle Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) AIUTUC - AIMSS AIDYO - AIDSO

M. N. Roy Abani Mukherji A. K. Gopalan P. Krishna Pillai P. C. Joshi P. Sundarayya Ajoy Ghosh K. Damodaran E. M. S. Namboodiripad Azhikodan Raghavan E. K. Nayanar E. K. Imbichi Bava B. T. Ranadive Charu Majumdar Jyoti Basu S. A. Dange Shibdas Ghosh T. Nagi Reddy

Tebhaga movement CCOMPOSA Telangana Rebellion Comrades Association

Communism World Communist Movement

Communism Portal This box: view · talk · edit

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According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the two factions adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger although "both organizations shared their belief in the 'annihilation of class enemies' and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals." The People's War Group (PWG) maintained a Marxist-Leninist stance while the MCC took a Maoiststance. After the merger, the PWG secretary of Andhra Pradesh announced the newly formed CPI-Maoist would follow Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its "ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities." Included in this ideology is a commitment to "protracted armed struggle" to undermine and to seize power from the state.^[2]

The ideology of the merged group is contained in a "Party Programme." In the document, the Maoists denounce globalization as a war on the people by market fundamentalists and the caste system as a form of social oppression.^[10]

It is claimed by the Communist Party of India (Maoist) that it is conducting 'people's war', a strategical line developed by Mao Zedong during the phase of guerrilla warfare of the Communist Party of China. The eventual objective is to install a "people's government" via a New Democratic Revolution.

The party also views Islamist militancy as a struggle towards national liberation against imperialism, rather than as a clash of civilizations, and condones it as having parallel goals to the group's own. In the words of deputy leader Koteshwar Rao, or Kishanji: "The Islamic upsurge should not be opposed as it is basically anti-US and anti-Imperialist in nature. We, therefore, want it to grow."^[10]

[edit]Location

Currently it has presence in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh as well as presence inBihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengaland Orissa. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people's war in other parts of India.^[2]

A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra.^[11]

[edit]Organisation

The current general secretary of the party is Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapati. The highest decision making body of the party is its Politburo, comprising 14 (or 13^[12]) members, 6 of whom were either killed or arrested between 2007-10. Amongst those arrested, Kobad Ghandy is the senior-most member.^[13] Other arrested Politburo members include Pramod Mishra, Ashutosh Tudu and Amitabha Bagchi.^[12] Cherukuri Rajkumar alias Azad, the spokesperson for the party, who was gunned down in Andhra Pradesh was another Politburo member.^[12] Prashant Bose alias Kishan-da, Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias Kishenji^[14] and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand are the three prominent members of its Politburo. Kishenji and Anand currently head the Eastern Regional Bureau and the Central Regional Bureau of the party respectively.^[15] The Central Committee of the party, which takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, comprises 32 members. The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees and the dalams (armed squads).^[13]

The military wings of the respective organisations, People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (military wing of MCCI) and People's Guerrilla Army (military wing of PW), were also merged. The name of the unified military organisation is People's Liberation Guerrilla Army. P.V. Ramana, of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi estimates the Naxilities' current strength at 9,000 -10,000 armed fighters, with access to about 6,500 firearms.^[16] Other estimates by Indian intelligence officials and Maoist leaders suggest that the rebel ranks in India number between 10,000 and 20,000, with at least 50,000 active supporters.^[7][17]

[edit]Strategy

[edit]Governance tactics

In their efforts to intimidate and consolidate control, the Naxalites tax local villagers, extort businesses, abduct and kill "class enemies" such as government officials and police officers, and prevent aid from getting through to people who need it.^[7] To help fill their ranks, the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member and threaten those who resist with violence.^[18]

The organisation has been holding 'Public Court's, which have been described as kangaroo courts,^[19][20][21] against the people who have opposed the Maoists. These "courts" function in the areas under de-facto Maoist control.^[22] The Maoists have also taken care to demolish government institutions under their de facto jurisdiction.^[23]

[edit]Military tactics

It retains the tactics of its predecessor Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War of rejecting parliamentary democracy and capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on guerrilla warfare. This strategy entails building up of bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then as "liberated zones", besides the area-wise seizure and encircling cities.

The military hardware used by Maoists, as proved through a number of seizures, include RDX cable wires, gelatine sticks, detonators, country-made weapons, INSAS rifles, AK-47s, SLR and improvised explosive devices. According to MHA reports, the CRPF seized over 6000 kg of explosives in Bihar and 893 kg in Jharkhand till October 2008. Security forces also recovered codex wire in Jharkhand for the first time, a highly potent explosive with a blast-range of up to 720 meters, which has so far been used only by modern national armies (The Telegraph, 16 October 2008).

[edit]Funding

The funding for the Maoists comes from abductions, extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent.^[7][24][25]

Poppy cultivation is another major source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of Gumla district in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla, Kishanganj and Purnia districts in Bihar. Security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops. Reports from Debagarh district in Orissa indicate that the Naxals also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities.^[25]

[edit]Legal status

[show]Organizations listed as terrorist groups by India

The party is regarded as a "left-wing extremist entity" and a terrorist outfit and several of their members had been arrested by the Indian Government under the defunct Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act(POTA).^[2][26] The group is officially banned by the State Governments of Orissa,^[27] Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, among others. The party has protested these bans.^[28] On 22 June 2009, the centralhome ministry, keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group, banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).^[29] Earlier, the union home minister, Mr P. Chidambaram had asked the West Bengal Chief Minister, MrBuddhadeb Bhattacharjee, to ban the Maoists following the Lalgarh Violence.^[30]

Following the ban, the Maoists are liable for arrest under the UAPA. After the ban they are barred from holding rallies, public meetings and demonstrations, and their offices if any, will be sealed and bank account frozen.^{[citation needed]}

[edit]Controversial organisation

[edit]Opposition

They are regarded as a serious security threat and the Indian government is taking countermeasures, pulling the affected states together to coordinate their response. It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause.^[18] In 2005, Chattisgarh State sponsored an anti-Maoist movement and called it the Salwa Judum. The group, which the BBC alleges is "government backed", ^[31] an allegation rejected by the government as biased and Indophobic,^[32][33] has come under criticism from pro-Maoist activist groups^[34] for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women,"^[35] using child soldiers,^[22] and the looting of property and destruction of homes.^[35] These allegations were addressed and rejected by a fact finding commission of National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by Supreme Court of India, who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.^[36][37] The camps are guarded by police officers, paramilitary forces and Salwa Judum activists^[18][22] empowered with the official title "special police officer."^[22][38]

[edit]International connections

The CPI (Maoist) maintains dialogue with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) who control most of Nepal in the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia (CCOMPOSA) according to several intelligence sources and think tanks.^[2] These links are however denied by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)^[39]

While under detention in June 2009, a suspected Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative indicated that the LeT and the CPI (Maoist) had attempted to coordinate activities in Jharkhand state.^[40]

Latest reports indicates that the Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines Southeast Asia's longest-lived communist insurgent group—has been reported to have engaged in conducting training activities for guerrilla warfare for Indian Maoists.^[41]

The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups, such as Nepalese Maoists, but do claim comradeship.^[42] Some members of the Indian government accept this,^[43] others argue that operational links do exist, with training coming from Sri-Lankan Maoists and small-arms from China.^[44] China denies and is embarrassed by any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels, citing improvements in relations between India and China, including movement towards resolving their border disputes. Maoists in Nepal, India and the Phillipines are less reticent about their shared goals.^[45]

[edit]Recent violent activities by Maoists

Main article: Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency

• December 25, 2010: Attack in eastern India, killing nine people^{[citation needed]}

• June 29, 2010: At least 26 CRPF personnel were killed when the Maoists attacked a road opening party in Narayanpur district.^[46]

• May 27, 2010: At least 145 people were killed after a train derailed in an apparent Maoist attack in West Bengal.^[47][48]

• May 17, 2010: 35 killed after Maoist rebels blow up bus in the Dantewada district^[49]

• April 6, 2010 : At least 76 CRPF and district force personnel were killed when a large group of Naxals ambushed them in the Mukrana forests of Chhattisgarh's Dantewada district.^[50]

• February 20, 2010 : Maoists killed a village guard by slitting his throat.^[51]

• February 18, 2010 : Twelve villagers were killed and 9 injured in indiscriminate firing by the Maoists in Jamui district of Bihar. The dead included three women and one child.^[52] Twenty five village houses were also burned down by the Maoists.^[53]

• February 16, 2010 : Silda camp attack

• October 8, 2009 : About 150 Maoist ambushed a Police patrol and killed 17 Policemen in Gadchiroli, Maharashtra^[54]

• October 6, 2009 : Police inspector Francis Induwar was beheaded by Maoists in Jharkhand.^[55] The action has been compared to the tactics of the Islamist Taliban of Pakistan-Afghanistan^[56][57]

• April 13, 2009: 10 paramilitary troops are killed in eastern Orissa.^[58]

• February 23, 2009: Maoists kill a contractor, sets ablaze a police post at Govindpalli of Malkangiri.^[59][60]

• July 16, 2008: A landmine hit a police van in Malkangiri district, killing 21 policemen.^[61]

• June 29, 2008: CPI forces attacked a boat on the Chitrakonda reservoir in Orissa carrying members of an anti-Naxalite police force. The boat sunk, killing 33 policemen, while 28 survived.^[62][63]

• In November 2007 reports emerged that the anti-SEZ movement in Nandigram in West Bengal had been infiltrated by Naxalites since February; the reports quoted unnamed intelligence sources.^[64] Recently, police found weapons belonging to Maoists near Nandigram.

• In 2008, The Hindu newspaper reported that a Maoist killed a man and publicly cannibalized him in Malkangiri district of Orissa to terrorize villagers. The alleged incident occurred in Bandiguda on August 14, 2007.^[65]

• On March 15, 2007 an attack happened in the rebel stronghold area of Dantewada, in Chhattisgarh state. Fifty-four persons, including 15 personnel of the Chhattishgarh Armed Force, were killed in an offensive by 300 to 350 CPI (Maoist) cadres on a police base camp in the Bastar region in the early hours of Thursday. The remaining victims were tribal youths of Salwa Judum, designated as Special Police Officers (SPOs) and roped in to combat the Maoists. Eleven person were injured. The attack, which lasted nearly two-and-a-half hours, was spearheaded by the "State Military Commission (Maoist)", consisting of about 100 armed naxalites.^[66]

• On March 6, 2007 the CPI (Maoist) reportedly claimed responsibility for the Mahato assassination, but JMM members of the Jharkhand state cabinet, including the Chief Minister, subsequently announced that a state police investigation is under way into the authenticity of this claim. Police reportedly believe that political rivals of Mahato, including organized criminal groups, may have been behind the assassination.^[67]

• On March 5, 2007 Maoist shot dead a local Congress leader (Prakash, a member of the local Mandal Praja Parishad (MPP)) in Andhra Pradesh while he was inspecting a road construction project in Mahabubnagar district.^[68]

• On March 4, 2007 Maoist shot dead a member of the parliament (Sunil Mahato) of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) party fromJharkhand state.^[69]

• On December 2, 2006 the BBC reported that at least 14 Indian policemen had been killed by Maoists in a landmine ambush near the town of Bokaro, 80 miles from Ranchi, the capital of the State of Jharkhand.^[70]

• On October 18, 2006 women belonging to the Maoist guerrilla forces blasted four government buildings in the Bastar region ofChhattisgarh. On the day before, over a dozen armed cadres of the group, with support from male colleagues, blocked traffic on the Antagarh-Koylibera Road in the Kanker district, near the city of Raipur. They also detonated explosives inside four buildings, including two schools, in Kanker.^[71] This incident occurred two days after a major leader of the party's operations in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, Kone Kedandam, surrendered to authorities in the town of Srikakulam.^[72]

• On July 16, 2006 the Maoists attacked a relief camp in the Dantewada district where several villagers were kidnapped. The death toll was 29.^[73]

• On February 28, 2006 the Maoists attacked several anti-Maoist protesters in Erraboru village in Chhattisgarh using landmines, killing 25 people.^[74]

• On 13 November 2005 CPI (Maoist) fighters stunned authorities by attacking Jehanabad in Bihar, freeing 250 captured comrades and taking twenty imprisoned right wing paramilitaries captive, executing their leader. They also detonated several bombs in the town.^[75] A prison guard was also reported killed.

• In August 2005 Maoists kidnapped from the Dantewada district of the state of Chhattisgarh.This follows violent incidents in 2004 in the same region when 50 policemen and about 300 villagers were killed in the Dantewada district and over 50,000 villagers were staying in relief camps out of fear from Maoists.^[76]

• In February 2005 the CPI (Maoist) killed 7 policemen, a civilian and injured many more during a mass attack on a school building in Venkatammanahalli village, Pavgada, Tumkur, Karnataka.^[77][78] On August 17, 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh outlawed the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and various mass organizations close to it, and began to arrest suspected members and sympathizers days afterwards. The arrested included former emissaries at the peace talks of 2004.

[edit]See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Communist Party of India (Maoist)

• Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
• List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India
• List of Communist parties
• List of political parties in India
• Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
• Politics of India

[edit]References

1. ^ Ridge, Mian (2009-10-29). "Maoists' hijacking of Indian train reveals new audacity". The Christian Science Monitor (The Christian Science Monitor). Retrieved 2009-12-14.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist)". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
3. ^ Chhattisgarh state - Mining
4. ^ India: Chattisgarh government detains human rights defenderhttp://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200132007?open&of=ENG-IND
5. ^ Amnesty reporthttp://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/020/2009/en/b8c369ab-b496-40fc-8d17-6ff70005e1cb/asa200202009en.html
6. ^ "India's Naxalite Rebellion: The red heart of India". The Economist (London: The Economist Newspaper Limited). 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
7. ^ ^a b c d Robinson, Simon (2008-05-29). "India's Secret War".Time Magazine (Time Inc.).
8. ^ http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292
9. ^ "Red terror: Over 10,000 people killed in last 5 years". Yahoo India News (Yahoo). 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2010-06-25.^{[dead link]}
10. ^ ^a b Anand, Vinod (2009). "Naxalite ideology, strategy and tactics" (PDF). Studies & Comments 9 - Security in South Asia: Conventional and Unconventional Factors of Destabilization(Munich: Hanns Seidel Foundation) 9: 19–32. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
11. ^ Guerilla zone, Frontline, 22(21), Oct. 08 - 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli
12. ^ ^a b c Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (March 21, 2010). "'Will take revenge if Azad is harmed'". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
13. ^ ^a b Mohan, Vishwa (7 April 2010). "A band of eight that calls the shots". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 April 2010.^{[dead link]}
14. ^ Basak, Sanjay (28 February 2010). "Kishenji calling: Wrong number". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
15. ^ Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (March 23, 2010). "Confusion in Maoist ranks over bandh date". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
16. ^ A spectre haunting India, the Economist Volume 380 Number 8491 August 19th-25th 2006
17. ^ Sengupta, Somini (2006-04-16). "In India, Maoist Guerrillas Widen 'People's War'". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2010-01-28.
18. ^ ^a b c "Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes". Reuters Alertnet(Reuters). 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
19. ^ The Telegraph ePaper^{[dead link]}
20. ^ The Telegraph, Calcutta, 14 April 2010
21. ^ Deccan Chronicle, 27 August 2009
22. ^ ^a b c d "The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign." (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights (New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights): 42. 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
23. ^ Maoists use guns to enforce poverty Daily Pioneer - November 1, 2009
24. ^ Zissis, Carin (2008-11-27). "Backgrounder: Terror Groups in India". www.cfr.org. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
25. ^ ^a b Srivastava, Devyani (2009). "Terrorism & Armed Violence in India". IPCS Special Report (Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies) 71: 7–11. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
26. ^ Article on CPI_M,MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
27. ^ Eastern Indian state bans communist rebel group,The China Post
28. ^ Maoists plan stir,The Hindu
29. ^ "Centre bans CPI (Maoist), declares it a terror organisation". Zee News. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
30. ^ "Centre declares Maoists a terrorist organisation". Times of India. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
31. ^ "Indian state 'backing vigilantes'". BBC News (BBC). 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
32. ^ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill Indian Express, Apr 01, 2008.
33. ^ SC raps Chattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, March 31, 2008.
34. ^ dnaIndia
35. ^ ^a b "Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum". The Hindu (The Hindu Group). 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
36. ^ 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary' The Economic Times,Oct 6, 2008.
37. ^ DNAIndia
38. ^ "Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response". Other India Press. 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
39. ^ "Nepali Maoists Deny Ongoing Links with Indian Counterparts" by Jason Motlagh, World Politics Review. 6/12/08^{[dead link]}
40. ^ Madni revealed LeT links with Maoists: Police - India - The Times of India
41. ^ RP Reds now train Maoist rebs in India - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
42. ^ Naxalites hosted Nepalese Maoist leader in Kolkata
43. ^ Chennai Centre for China Studies - Mr B.Raman, Cabinet Secretariat (retd), Govt. of India
44. ^ India probes Maoists' foreign links - Asia Times - Nov 11, 2009
45. ^ Nepal Maoists, India & China - by B.Raman
46. ^ Sharma, Supriya (2010-06-29). "27 CRPF personnel killed in Maoists attack in Chhattisgarh". Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). Retrieved 2010-06-29.
47. ^ The Hindu : News / National : 79 killed as goods train rams Maoist-derailed coaches
48. ^ "'Maoist sabotage' kills 65 on train in eastern India". BBC News. 2010-05-28.
49. ^ "35 killed after Maoist rebels blow up bus in India". Telegraph U.K. (London). 2010-05-17. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
50. ^ "73 security personnel killed in Maoist ambush". Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
51. ^ Maoists kill village guard in Malkangiri district^{[dead link]}
52. ^ Maoists kill 12 in brutal assault on Bihar village
53. ^ Maoist attack Bihar village, 9 dead^{[dead link]}
54. ^ Massive hunt on for Maoists who massacred 17 cops - India - The Times of India
55. ^ Maoists behead abducted cop, Times of India, 6 October 2009^{[dead link]}
56. ^ Maoist ape Taliban tactics- TIMESNOW.tv - Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos
57. ^ Naxals behead kidnapped cop, Taliban style
58. ^ Troops die in India Maoist attack, BBC News Online, April 13, 2009
59. ^ Maoist kills contractor, sets fire in police post at Govindpalli of Malkangiri, Orissa Diary, February 23, 2009
60. ^ Contractor Prasanna Kumar Swain hacked to death, The Hindu, February 23, 2009
61. ^ 21 Orissa policemen feared killed by Maoists, Express India, July 16, 2008
62. ^ MHA spokesperson on Wednesday's Naxal incident in Orissa, The Cheers news agecny, July 17, 2008
63. ^ Naxal movement entering mobile warfare phase, Merinews, July 3, 2008
64. ^ "Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram", Monideepa Bannerjie, New Delhi Television, November 8, 2007.
65. ^ "A cannibal act to strike terror". The Hindu (Chennai (Madras): The Hindu). 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2009-11-30. "Bhubaneswar: In a bid to terrorise villagers last August, a Maoist killed a man suspecting him to be a police informer and ate his flesh in full view of the public in Malkangiri district of Orissa. Superintendent of Police Satish Kumar Gajbhiye said the incident, which took place at Bandiguda, on August 14, 2007, came to light only on Sunday, during a community policing programme. "The villagers told me that Bhagat, commander of the Paplur Dalam, killed Mukunda Madhi in public view and ate his flesh to terrorise others," he told PTI on the phone. Mukunda's hapless family was among the onlookers, none of whom opened his mouth for fear of his life, Mr. Gajbhiye said. — PTI"
66. ^ Naxalites massacre policemen in Chhattisgarh, The Hindu, March 16, 2007
67. ^ Jharkhand ministers suspect non-Maoist hand in MP's killing, RxPG News, May 17, 2007
68. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
69. ^ [2]^{[dead link]}
70. ^ 'Maoists' kill 14 Indian police', BBC, December 2, 2006
71. ^ [3]^{[dead link]}
72. ^ [4], New Kerala.com, October 18, 2006
73. ^ 29 killed, 250 missing in Chattisgarh naxal attack,Hindustan Times
74. ^ 25 killed in Maoist attack ,The Hindu, March 1, 2006
75. ^ Naxalites lay siege to Jehanabad 25 killed in Maoist attack,The Hindu, November 14, 2005
76. ^ [5],Hindustan Times
77. ^ 6 cops killed in Naxal attack^{[dead link]}, Deccan Herald
78. ^ Naxal attack Another cop succumbs^{[dead link]},Deccan Herald

[edit]External links

• International Campaign Against War on the People in India
• Maoist Rebels Widen Deadly Reach Across India by Jim Yardley, The New York Times, October 31, 2009

[show]v · d · eNaxalite-Maoist insurgency

Categories: Guerrilla organizations | Communist parties in India | Government of India designated terrorist organizations | Political parties in India | Political parties established in 2004 | 2004 establishments in India | Maoist organizations of India | Naxalite-Maoist insurgency | Far-left politics in India

Operation Green Hunt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Operation Green Hunt
Part of Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
Date November 2009 - Location India's Red Corridor Status Ongoing
Belligerents
India	Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Strength
50,000 Central and State Police [1]	10,000-20,000 Insurgents[2]
Casualties and losses
+100 killed[citation needed]	+54 killed[citation needed]
+145[1]

[show]v · d · e Naxalite-Maoist insurgency

Operation Green Hunt is the name used by the Indian media to describe theGovernment of India's ongoing paramilitary offensive against the Naxalite rebels. The operation began in November 2009 along five states in the "Red Corridor."^[3]

The term was coined by the Chhattisgarh police officials to describe one successful drive against the Communist Party of India (Maoist) in the state. It was erroneously used by the media to describe the wider anti-Naxalite operations; the Government of India doesn't use the term "Operation Green Hunt" to describe its anti-Naxalite offensive.^[4]

Contents  [hide] 1 Planning and implementation 2 Maoist response 3 See also 4 References

[edit]Planning and implementation

In October 2009, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) announced that it was in the final stages of planning the offensive and had received approval from the Union-led government. The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA) would take the lead in the operations against Maoist insurgents.^[5]

At the beginning of November 2009, the first phase of the operation began in Gadchiroli district. As many as 18 companies of the central paramilitary forces were moved into the area in anticipation of the operation.^[6]

[edit]Maoist response

As a response to the offensive, the insurgents launched several high-profile attacks on the Indian security forces:

• On February 15, 2010 at least 25 policemen died after Maoists overran a security camp in West Bengal state. Naxalite-Maoist leaderKishenji claimed responsibility for the attack. He was quoted as saying that, "We have attacked the camp and this is our answer to P. Chidambaram's [the Indian Minister of Internal Affairs] 'Operation Green Hunt' and unless the Centre stops this inhuman military operation we are going to answer this way only."^[7]
• On April 6, 2010, Maoist rebels killed 75 policemen/CRPF men in a jungle ambush in central India in the worst-ever massacre of security forces by the insurgents. On the same day, Gopal, a top Maoist leader, said the attack was a "direct consequence" of the government's Operation Green Hunt offensive. This raised some voices of use of Indian Air Force against Naxalites, which were however declined citing "We can't use oppressive force against our own people".^[8]
• On June 29, 2010, At least 26 policemen have been killed in a Maoist attack in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh.^[9]

[edit]See also

• Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency

[edit]References

1. ^ ^a b "Maoists rebels kill 26 policemen in central India". BBC NEWS. 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
2. ^ "Profile: India's Maoist rebels". BBC NEWS. 2010-03-06. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
3. ^ "India launches attack against Maoists". RT. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
4. ^ "There is no 'Operation Green Hunt': Chidambaram". The Times of India. 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
5. ^ "'Centre's Anti-Naxal Plan to be Implemented Soon'". Outlook India (Mumbai: M/s Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited). 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
6. ^ Ali, Mazhar (2009-11-02). "First phase of Operation Green Hunt begins". Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd). Retrieved 2010-03-13.
7. ^ Banerjee, Monideepa (February 16, 2010). "Naxals massacre cops, furious Centre wants answers". NDTV (New Dehli). Retrieved February 17, 2010.
8. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/Chhatisgarh-attack-consequence-of-Green-Hunt-Maoist-leader/Article1-528028.aspx
9. ^ "India Maoists kill 26 policemen". BBC News. 2010-06-29.

[show]v · d · eNaxalite-Maoist insurgency

Categories: Naxalite-Maoist insurgency | 2009 in India

Salwa Judum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Salwa Judum
Dates of operation	2005 - present
Active region(s)	Bastar and Dantewada districtsof Chhattisgarh, India
Status	Active
Size	4,000

Salwa Judum (meaning "Peace March"^[1] in Gondi language) is an anti-Naxalite movement inChhattisgarh, India, which started in 2005 as a people's resistance movement against theNaxalites, a far-left movement in some states in rural India that is designated by India as aterrorist organization on account of their violent Maoist activities in the state.^[2] Initially an uprising of local indigenous people in Chhattisgarh, the Salwa Judum movement later received bi-partisan support from both the opposition and ruling parties.^[2][3] A few years later the state government adopted the Salwa Judum movement in order to restore democratic rule to the regions where the Naxalites had established themselves by force.^[4] Chhattisgarh state has over the years trained a number of SPOs or 'Special Police Officers', from amongst the tribals, who are part of Salwa Judum in the state, also with its formation the state witnessed a marked rise in success against Naxalite action,^[5] as a result in 2008, Chhattisgarh along with neighboring Jharkhand accounted for over 65% of the total Naxal violence in the country.^[6] The Chhattisgarh government on February 5, 2009, told the Supreme Court that the Salwa Judum was slowly disappearing in the State.^[7]

With success of counter-strikes on Naxalite hideouts in south Chhattisgarh, Maoist activities in the bordering districts of Orissa saw a rise in 2008, thus in Feb 2009, the Central government announced its plans for simultaneous, co-ordinated counter-operations in all Maoist extremism-hit states - Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Bihar, UP and West Bengal, to plug all possible escape routes of Naxalites.^[8]

Contents  [hide] 1 History 2 Development of Special Police Officers (SPOs) 3 Controversy 3.1 Child Soldiers 3.2 Human rights violation 3.3 State sponsoring of militia 4 Effects 5 In media 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit]History

Salwa Judum's members in SouthernChhattisgarh

Bastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated, rich in natural resources, and yet some of the poorest tribal regions. Here the Maoists (Naxalites) have continued to enlarge their base among the local tribals over the past two decades as they had grassroots support.^[9] The first movement against the Naxalites was the 'Jan Jagran Abhiyan', started in 1991 by Mahendra Karma. This was mostly led by local traders and businessmen^[10]. This later collapsed, and the leaders had to seek police protection to survive. However, the second time around the state had signed the MoU's with the Tata and Essar groups, and was eager to flush the region of the Naxalites in order let the mining companies smoothly operate there. This was the beginning of the police support and military to the movement. A a local tribal leader, Mahendra Karma, a Congress MLA and the leader of opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, jumped into the fray as a political opportunity becoming the public front he took the Bijapur-based movement to Dantewada, Katreli and other villages in the region ^[11][12].

According to pro-Maoist sources, the Salwa Judum was responsible for many rapes and murders in the villages. They also herded villagers and tibals in makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife. According to pro-Maoist sources, Salwa Judum became increasingly violent and out of control. They allege that the Judum had burned or emptied out 644 or more villages, making 300,000 people flee their homes^[13].These claims have been disputed by mainstream groups who suggest that Salwa Judum's detractors are little more than Naxlite propaganda fronts designed to spreaddisinformation and encourage terrorism.As the situation further escalated in the coming years, Human Rights Watch reported atrocities at both ends, and reported large scale displacement of the civilian population caught in the conflict between the Naxalites and Salwa Judum activists with at least 100,000 people moving to various camps in southern Chhattisgarh or fleeing to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh as of early 2008.^[14][15] By mid-2008 the figure grew to 150,000 tribals being displaced.^[16]. There was also widespread report of rape and other abuses on women by the Judum.^[17]

Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people, including some 300 security personnel, have been killed by the Naxalites, SPO deaths alone total 98 — one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008 ^[12][18], when the Maoists rebels continued their attacks, though now considerably more dramatic from the previous years, they were now splitting into smaller groups and specifically targeting Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel who were ambushed in weekly markets in remote areas, and their weapons stolen, also posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across Dantewada and Bijapur ^[19]. However by mid-2008, movement's frontliner, Mahendra Karma announced that it will soon cease to exist ^[16], and end 2008, saw Salwa Judum which had controlled the lives of tribal people in camps and its influenced villages for nearly three years losing its hold in the region; the number of people living in the camps dropped from earlier 50,000 to 13,000 and public support was dwindled away ^[20]. An NHRC report published in October 2008, said that Salwa Judum having lost its earlier momentum was only restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh ^[21]

[edit]Development of Special Police Officers (SPOs)

Location of Dantewada and Bastar districts, the most affected regions inChhattisgarh

The Chhattisgarh state Police employs tribal youths as SPOs (Special Police Officers), which are essentially 4,000 youth, both ex-Naxalites and those drawn from Salwa Judum camps in the Bastar region, who are paid an honorarium of Rs 1,500 per month by the state government, were trained by with mostly .303 rifles. In Feb 2009, the Supreme Court in India declared such arming of civilians illegal.

In 2008, there were 23 Salwa Judum camps in Bijapur and Dantewara districts of Bastar region where almost 50,000 tribals from over 600 villages had settled ^[12][18]. The government has now discredited the Salwa Judum movement.^{[citation needed]} Union Minister of Home Affairs, P. Chidambaram has praised the role of special police officers (SPOs) in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required." ^[22], while the Chhattisgarh Chief Minister, Raman Singh has stated that "Salwa Judum is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state.." ^[23].

[edit]Controversy

[edit]Child Soldiers

There have been numerous reports that the Salwa Judum had recruited minors for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA) determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by the Salwa Judum in the southern district ofDantewada and that the Chhattisgarh Government had "officially recruited 4200 Special Police Officers (SPOs); many of them being easily identifiable as minors".^[24] The Asian Centre for Human Rights(ACHR) also found that the Salwa Judum had engaged in the recruitment of child soldiers.^[25] Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers's "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India".^[26]

[edit]Human rights violation

Some human rights organizations such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties has raised allegations that Salwa Judum is a government-backed organisation ^[27][28][29], supported by the Chhattisgarh government, but a fact finding commission of National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by Supreme Court of India found out that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the "reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report also said that, 15 years after Jan Jagran Abhiyan, an earlier attempt to deal with Naxalites, "local tribals once again mustered courage to stand up to the Naxalites, which only goes to show their sense of desperation".^[21][30]. It also found out that allegations against Salwa Judum were distortions of truth by some biased human right organisations.^[31]

[edit]State sponsoring of militia

In April 2008, a Supreme Court bench directed the state Government to refrain from allegedly supporting and encouraging the Salwa Judum: "It is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code."; the state government had earlier denied, Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement^[18][32], later it directed the state government to take up the remedial measures suggested in the NHRC earlier report ^[33] The Human Rights Commission alleged that Security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against the Maoists.^[34]

In December 2008, replying to a petition filed in the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burnt houses and looted property but the allegations against Salwa Judum of killings were not found to be true by National Human Rights Commission.^[35][36]

[edit]Effects

Encouraged by the highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government is planning to launch a people's movement in insurgency hit state of Manipur on similar lines. In 2006, Karnataka raised a similar force employing tribals youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did Andhra Pradesh prior to it ^[37] Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter Leftwing terrorists.^[22]

[edit]In media

• Channel 4's Unreported World telecasted a programme titled "India's Hidden War" in October 2006, on the Maoist war against the state and people of India^[38]

[edit]Further reading

• The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign, by Asian Centre for Human Rights. Published by Asian Centre for Human Rights, 2006.

[edit]See also

• Naxalite
• Compact Revolutionary Zone
• Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
• Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)

[edit]References

1. ^ TOI, Mar 20, 2010
2. ^ ^a b [1] Ramachandra Guha.
3. ^ [2] Kanchan Gupta.
4. ^ [3] Pioneer
5. ^ CoBRA reaches Bastar to join anti-Naxal ops Indian Express, February 5, 2009.
6. ^ Centre gives its tacit approval to Salwa Judum Times of India, January 8, 2009.
7. ^ Salwa Judum disappearing: Chhattisgarh The Hindu, Friday, February 6, 2009.
8. ^ Co-ordinated operations to flush out Naxalites soon Economic Times, February 6, 2009.
9. ^ [4]
10. ^ [5]
11. ^ Inside India's hidden war The Guardian, May 9, 2006.
12. ^ ^a b c 'Salwa Judum can't work in the long run' Chhattisgarh Director General of Police Vishwa Ranjan. Business Standard, January 13, 2008.
13. ^ [6]
14. ^ 'Salwa Judum, forces too violating rights' The Times of India, July 16, 2008."The 182-page report — 'Being Neutral Is Our Biggest Crime: Government, Vigilante and Naxalite Abuses in India's Chhattisgarh State' — documents human rights abuses against civilians, particularly tribals, caught in a tug-of-war between government forces, Salwa Judum and Naxalites. "
15. ^ Indian state 'backing vigilantes' BBC News, July 15, 2008.
16. ^ ^a b How the Salwa Judum experiment went wrong The Mint, July 10, 2008.
17. ^ 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'
18. ^ ^a b c Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill Indian Express, April 1, 2008.
19. ^ at least 18 people associated with Salwa Judum were killed during this period .. Indian Express, July 23, 2008.
20. ^ Salwa Judum may stay in Bastar after polls NDTV, November 13 , 2008.
21. ^ ^a b 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary' The Economic Times, October 6, 2008.
22. ^ ^a b Chidambaram all praise for SPOs The Economic Times, January 8, 2009.
23. ^ Salwa Judum is answer to naxal menace: Raman Singh Times of India, January 10, 2009.
24. ^ Zemp, Ueli; Mohapatra, Subash (2007-07-29). "Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response". Retrieved 2009-05-31.
25. ^ The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign. New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights. 2006. p. 42. ISBN 81-88987-14-X. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
26. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India". Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
27. ^ "Findings about the Salwa Judum in Dantewara district". 2005-02-12.
28. ^ "Salwa Judum report". South Asia Intelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal.
29. ^ "Salwa Judum report". Asian Council For Human Rights.
30. ^ DNAIndia
31. ^ dnaIndia
32. ^ SC raps Chattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, March 31, 2008.
33. ^ Implement NHRC recommendations on Salwa Judum, Supreme Court asks Chhattisgarh government The Hindu, September 20, 2008.
34. ^ India backing violent militia DAWN - July 11, 2008
35. ^ "Politics/Nation". The Times Of India. October 6, 2008.
36. ^ Salwa Judum victims assured of relief The Hindu, December 16, 2008.
37. ^ Tribal youths will now fight Naxals The Times of India, May 11, 2006.
38. ^ India's Hidden War Channel 4, Friday 27 October 2006.

[edit]External links

• The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign
• Unreported World: India's Hidden War
• Naxal Issues
• [7]
• Economic and Political Weekly Article on NHRC report
• Report of the IAPL Fact Finding Mission
• Video Documentary (20 mn.) on Salwa Judum Camps

Categories: Indian anti-communists | Anti-communism | 2005 establishments | Militias in Asia | Politics of Chhattisgarh | Politics of India |Counter-insurgency