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Alagiri quits Cabinet, wants Raja sacked from DMK posts: Sources
Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister M.K. Alagiri has not quit the central government over reported differences within Tamil Nadu's ruling DMK over the 2G spectrum scandal, party sources said Wednesday.
Jaganmohan files application with EC to form new party
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -FIVE HUNDRED FIFTY SEVEN
Palash Biswas
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Anti Aryan Anti Brahamin DRAVID Movement Undermined as Film Industry takes over Political Lead. Film Goes Blockbuster and Dravid Movement Unermined Under the Sandles of the Brahamin Heroines as Family Hegemony Kills DRAVIDNADU!
Family Infight Saga flavoured with Top to Bottom Graft, Greed and Betrayal and outright Co Option into the Brahaminical zionsit hegemony in New Delhi has Killed the Movement as Sub Caste Politics has taken over all round.
It is quite Disappointing as we the Mulnivasi Majority Masses enslaved in the Manusmriti Rule having lost Identity as well as Nationality,totally HINDUISED, have to look Southwards simply to trace our History and Culture without any OPTION!
I have been interacting with the educated enlightened People of all the four South Indian states, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra!
All of them are concerned with Brahaminisation of dravid Movement as well as Dravidnadu as the legacy of Periyar, Naraynguru and Ayyankali has been Betrayed by the same people who gained Political Power with the assertive Dravid Identity, specifically Tamil Indigenous Aboriginal Identity in Tamilnadu!
I am sorry NOT to have learnt any of the south Indian language and fail to interact with the Masses who Never know any other language other than their mother tongue just because of the Assertive Non Aryan Identity! I have been in Rameshwaram and Madurai but could not visit any of the Tamil Refugee Camp just because of Language Problem.
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Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister M.K. Alagiri has not quit the central government over reported differences within Tamil Nadu's ruling DMK over the 2G spectrum scandal, party sources said Wednesday.But Differences appear to have cropped up in DMK's first family with union minister M K Alagiri, elder son of DMK chief M Karunanidhi, voicing displeasure over party affairs and prominence given to younger sibling Kanimozhi.
Upset over recent developments, including DMK allegedly shielding former telecom minister A Raja on the 2G Spectrum issue, Alagiri is understood to have conveyed to Karunanidhi during their January 2 meeting that Raja should be stripped of the party post of 'propaganda secretary' immediately so it could distance itself from the scam.
He is angry over the reported telephonic talks by state information technology minister Poongothai with corporate lobbyist Nira Radia, in which she had spoken against him, informed sources said.
Since Poongothai is known as a protege of Kanimozhi, a Rajya Sabha MP, he is believed to have told Karunanidhi that action should be taken against both of them.
He also expressed his desire to quit the union cabinet as he was ill at ease in Delhi because of the language problem and would like to concentrate more in state politics, sources said.
DMK officially has neither denied nor confirmed the reports.
Amid reports of factional trouble in the DMK, senior party leader T.R. Baalu met Congress president Sonia Gandhi here on Wednesday.
'It was a courtesy call. I conveyed (party president) M. Karunanidhi's New Year greetings to the Congress president,' Baalu told reporters after the meeting at Gandhi's 10 Janpath residence.
Baalu said his meeting with Gandhi had nothing to do with reports from Chennai that DMK leader and central Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers M.K. Alagiri had submitted his resignation from the government to party chief Karunanidhi.
Union Chemicals Minister Alagiri quits: Report
Alagiri reportedly wants the DMK to distance itself from disgraced former telecom minister A. Raja, who resigned in November in the wake of the 2G spectrum scandal.
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The sources spoke on the condition of anonymity amid speculation of an internal war in the state's first family over the scam that has enveloped the DMK like no other issue.
Tamil Nadu had been agog with rumours that Alagiri had quit both the central government and the post of organizing secretary (south) -- which makes him one of the most powerful men in the DMK.
Neither DMK nor Alagiri were ready to comment on the issue. But a senior party leader told IANS: 'Both didn't happen.'
Sources close to Alagiri asserted he had not resigned from the central ministry.
According to a party leader, normally resignations are submitted to the party headquarters or to its general secretary.
He added: 'It is only the chief minister who knows the actual situation on the resignation issue. But yesterday he was in a jovial mood, giving no indication of any crisis.'
Alagiri reportedly wants disgraced former central communications minister A. Raja to be stripped of his post of propaganda secretary in the DMK so that the party can distance itself from the spectrum scam.
Raja is at the heart of the scandal. He has been accused of giving away second- generation spectrum at below-market price, causing huge losses to the government.
Raja has denied the charge, but the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has interrogated him at length over his involvement in the scandal. The development has embarrassed the party.
Alagiri has resisted coming to the support of Raja or Karunanidhi's daughter - and his cousin - M.K. Kanimozhi, who too has been linked to corporate lobbyist Niira Radia.
Radia has been taped campaigning for Raja to be the communications minister in Manmohan Singh's cabinet after he became prime minister for a second time in 2009.
The DMK recently launched a statewide campaign defending the spectrum allocation policy of the central government. But Alagiri has stayed away from it.
Alagiri is also said to be upset with Tamil Nadu IT Minister Poongothai Aladi Aruna, who has been taped referring to Alagiri in poor light during her telephonic conversations with Radia.
Alagiri is the eldest son of Karunanidhi. Despite repeated attempts, IANS could not reach him on telephone.
Alagiri quits Cabinet, wants Raja sacked from DMK posts: Sources
Sam Daniel, Updated: January 05, 2011 19:02 ISTChennai: It's once again open war within the DMK's first family - four months before Tamil Nadu votes.
Party chief M Karunanidhi's son, MK Alagiri has reportedly submitted his resignation from the Cabinet and as Organising Secretary for the DMK to his father. Mr Alagiri is Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers.
Mr Alagiri is reportedly demanding that his father sack A Raja, at the centre of the 2G Telecom scam, from his party position as "Propaganda Secretary." Mr Alagiri has also said he wants to concentrate on state politics, turf that had been reserved for his brother, MK Stalin, by his father.
Mr Raja was forced to resign as Telecom Minister in November after the government's auditor blamed him for costing the government upto 1.76 lakh crores by deliberately mishandling the allocation of mobile licenses in 2008.
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PrintMr Alagiri's resignation from his DMK office is being seen as a pressure static designed to land his supporters more seats for the Tamil Nadu elections.
Sources say Mr Alagiri's resignation letter was submitted last evening to his father, and that the Prime Minister's office has yet to receive it.
He has been upset with his step-sister, Kanimozhi, who is a Rajya Sabha MP. Transcripts of phone conversations with PR tycoon Niira Radia reveal a Kanimozhi protégé and state minister Poongothai making unflattering remarks about Mr Alagiri. Radia's phone was tapped in 2008 and 2009 as part of an income tax inquiry. Her conversations with industrialists, politicians and bureaucrats have become a vital part of the investigation into the 2G scam. Radia is accused of lobbying for Mr Raja to return as Telecom Minister in 2009 after the UPA won the general elections. She reportedly then pushed for Mr Raja to favour her clients who wanted mobile licenses.
Mr Alagiri's rivalry with his brother over who would be their father's successor as DMK Chief is also common knowledge. Mr Stalin is seen as his father's choice for taking over not just as DMK head but as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Mr Alagiri was deputed to the union cabinet by his father in the hope of creating some distance between his warring sons. However, those close to Mr Alagiri says he has been desperate to return to Tamil Nadu to play a heavyweight role in state politics. In his note to his father, he has allegedly said that his discomfort with Hindi makes him an uneasy fit at the Centre.
Read more at: http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/alagiri-quits-cabinet-wants-raja-sacked-from-dmk-posts-sources-77180?cp
Jayalalithaa faults Karunanidhi on freebies for poor
AIADMK general secretary J. Jayalalithaa Tuesday came down heavily on Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi's remarks of continuing with freebies for the poor as long as they were there.In a statement issued here, Jayalalithaa said: 'By making this assertion, Karunanidhi was not expressing his concern for the poor in the state. He was only admitting that he does not have any scheme for the eradication of poverty.'
She charged that Karunanidhi wanted the poor in the state to remain poor so that he could keep bribing them with sops and freebies to buy their votes.
Jayalalithaa said arbitrarily giving away freebies to the poor without strengthening the basic infrastructure was like printing currency notes without a corresponding back-up in gold.
'Today, the situation in Tamil Nadu is such that while rice is available for the poor at Re.1 a kg through the public distribution, onions cost as much as Rs.90 a kg. All vegetables cost over Rs.50 a kg while pulses used for sambhar cost close to Rs.100 a kg,' she said.
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C.N. Annadurai (1909-1969), popularly called 'Anna,' remains one of the celebrated leaders of Tamil Nadu. He founded the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in 1949 at a time when the State had at least two established parties – Congress and the Communist Party of India – with several stalwarts. Aided by several factors, the DMK, in no time, became a principal political force in the State and it continues to be so for over 50 years.
In 1967, Annadurai came into wider prominence when his party ousted the Congress from power. He was Chief Minister barely for two years but he is still remembered for his qualities – simplicity, concern for the poor and willingness for reconciliation.
Some facets of the personality of Annadurai and the historical context in which he emerged as a central figure have been captured by R. Kannan in his biography in English, "Anna – the life and times of C.N. Annadurai." Writer Charukesi has translated the work into Tamil. The translator had to get the excerpts, originally spoken or written in Tamil, from over 100 books.
The Tamil version has been brought out by Vikatan Publishers.
Hitting out at Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M Karunanidhi for announcing that freebies will be distributed as long as poverty existed in the state, AIA DMK chief Jayalalithaa today accused him of "reinforcing the rich-poor divide".
Karunanidhi's statement was an admission by the DMK patriarch that he does not have any scheme for eradication of poverty, Jayalalithaa said.
"By making this assertion, Karunanidhi is not expressing his concern for the poor and downtrodden in the state. On the contrary he was only publicly reinforcing the rich-poor divide," she said in a statement here.
The chief minister is trying to make the people a society of parasites, dependent on freebies, doles and sops by making such an announcement, she claimed.
By doing so, Karunanidhi was "only admitting that he does not have any scheme for the eradication of poverty.In fact, he wants the poor in Tamil Nadu to remain poor. Only then can he keep bribing them with sops and freebies to buy their votes," she charged.
Karunanidhi had on January one announced that his government will continue to implement populist schemes and offer freebies as long as poor people existed in the state.
Jayalalithaa termed such freebies (schemes including free colour TVs, insurance and housing schemes) as 'arbitrary' offers that did not strengthen basic infrastructure.
"Arbitrarily giving away freebies without strengthening the basic infrastructure is like printing currency notes without a corresponding back-up in gold. It comes cheap and is not even worth the paper it is printed on," she said.
She said though rice was being provided at one rupee per kg at PDS shops, prices of other commodities including vegetables and pulses were soaring.
While Kerala was all set to construct a new dam in place of the Mullaperiar, Tamil Nadu will not get even a drop of water, the AIADMK chief said.
A substantial part of the Tamil race has been annihilated in Sri Lanka, she said.
"Nearly a lakh Tamil people still live precariously behind barbed wire fences like refugees in their own land. But Karunanidhi sent a team of MPs along with his daughter (Kanimozhi) and got them to certify that all was well in Sri Lanka. The day of reckoning is not far off," Jayalalithaa said in an apparent reference to Assembly elections scheduled in May this year.
Jaganmohan files application with EC to form new party
Former Congress MP Y S Jaganmohan Reddy today approached the Election Commission with an application for registration of his yet-to-be-launched political party.
Y V Subba Reddy, a close relative of Jagan, filed the application before the commission today and said the process is expected to take three weeks.
Asked about the name of the party, Subba Reddy refused to divulge it but said it will have the name of late chief minister Y S Rajasekhara Reddy, the father of Jagan.
"I cannot say what the name will be but it will have the name of late YSR. The process is expected to end in sometime after which the name of the party will be made public," he told reporters.
Jaganmohan Reddy, who had revolted against the Congress leadership and left the party, had last week said he intends to seek re-election from Kadapa Lok Sabha seat and was not keen on destabilising the Congress government in Andhra Pradesh.
He said he has fast-tracked the process to register and launch his new political party before the byelections for Kadapa and Pulivendula assembly constituencies are announced.
The seats were vacated by him and his mother Vijayalaxmi after they quit Congress on November 29 last year alleging "humiliation" by the party high command.
Jagan has also claimed that he has no intention to destabilise the Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy government in Andhra Pradesh as he is preparing to face the Assembly elections in 2014.
Alagiri has not quit central governmentSify - 1 hour agoChennai, Jan 5 (IANS) Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister MK Alagiri has not quit the central government over reported differences within Tamil Nadu's ruling DMK over the 2G spectrum scandal, party sources said Wednesday. ... Alagiri quits Cabinet, wants Raja sacked from DMK posts: SourcesNDTV.com - 2 hours agoChennai: It's once again open war within the DMK's first family - four months before Tamil Nadu votes. Party chief M Karunanidhi's son, MK Alagiri has reportedly submitted his resignation from the Cabinet and as Organising Secretary for the DMK to his ... Differences in DMK's first family?Times of India - 7 hours agoCHENNAI: Differences appear to have cropped up in DMK's first family with union minister MK Alagiri, elder son of DMK chief M Karunanidhi, voicing displeasure over party affairs and prominence given to younger sibling Kanimozhi. ... Alagiri quits from DMK ; creates ripples in TNOneindia - 8 hours agoNew Delhi, Jan 5: DMK Chief Karunanidhi's son, MK Alagiri has proved that he is a man of his words and has quit his position as Union Minister and the organising secretary of DMK. He had earlier expressed his displeasure on the DMK's stand on the 2G ... Alagiri quits cabinet over Raja issueCIOL - 2 hours agoBANGALORE: DMK Chief Karunanidhi's son MK Alagiri has quit his position as Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilisers and also the post of organizing secretary of DMK. According to reports, Alagiri is upset over several issues including the party's ... Alagiri threatens to quit, wants Kanimozhi and Raja outFrontier India - News, Analysis, Opinion - 2 hours agoTamil Nadu Chief Minister M Karunanidhi's elder son MK Alagiri has threatened to quit the party and his Union Cabinet post. He wants 2G scam-tainted former minister A Raja and his half sister Kanimozhi out. Sources say that Alagiri has told Karunanidhi ... Alagiri threatens to quit over 2G 'inaction'Times of India - 18 hours agoCHENNAI: The election year kicked off on a discordant note for the DMK on Tuesday, with Tamil Nadu chief minister M Karunanidhi's elder son MK Alagiri threatening to quit as Union minister and as party officebearer over "several issues, both personal ... Split in DMK family, Alagiri demands sister Kanimozhi's ousterHindustan Times - 11 hours agoAnxious for the party's image that took a big hit from the 2G spectrum scam, DMK patriarch M Karunanidhi's elder son MK Alagiri has demanded the ouster of former telecom minister A Raja and his half sister Kanimozhi. Alagiri is said to have threatened ... Alagiri asks dad to oust Kani and RajaCalcutta Telegraph - G.C. Shekhar - 17 hours agoChennai, Jan. 4: Union chemicals minister MK Alagiri is understood to have asked his father and DMK president M. Karunanidhi to expel his half-sister Kanimozhi and former telecom minister A. Raja from the party if it has to overcome the damage caused ... Alagiri threatens to quit DMK post over Raja: ReportsNDTV.com - 10 hours agoChennai: The DMK's troubles are far from over. Hit hard by the alleged involvement of prominent leader A Raja in the massive 2G scam in an election year, the party now has to again deal with rebellion at home. There are reports that DMK chief M ... All 19 related articles » | RelatedAlagiriDravida Munnetra Kazhagam Kanimozhi A Raja Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi ImagesOneindia Calcutta Telegr... NDTV.com Zee News Oneindia India Today |
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Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"DMK" redirects here. For other uses, see DMK (disambiguation).
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |
 * | |
| Chairperson | |
| Secretary-General | |
| Leader in Lok Sabha | |
| Founded | 1949 |
| Headquarters | Anna Arivalayam, Anna Salai,Chennai - 600018 |
| Newspaper | Murasoli & The Rising Sun |
| Labour wing | |
| Alliance | National Democratic Alliance(1999-2004) United Progressive Alliance(2004-present) |
| Website | |
| Party flag | |
 * | |
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: திராவிட முன்னேற்ற கழகம்) (literally "Dravidian Progress Federation" [2]) (founded 1949, Madras Presidency, India) is a state political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry , India. It is a Dravidian partyfounded by C. N. Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam (known asJustice Party till 1944) headed by Periyar. Since 1969, DMK is headed by M Karunanidhi, the current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. DMK holds the distinction of being the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with clear majority on its own in any state in India.[3]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]History
[edit]Justice Party
DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) formed in 1916, by P. Thiyagarayar, Dr. P.T. Rajan, Dr. Natesanar and few others. The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first General Elections to Madras Presidency in 1920.[4] E. V. Ramasami Naicker, a popular Tamil leader of the time, who had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered as theBrahminic leadership of the party.[5] Naicker's experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "violently anti-Brahminic".[6] He quit Congress and in 1935, he joined the Justice Party. In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari ("Rajaji") came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.
[edit]Dravida Kazhagam
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravida Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[7] Dravidar Kazhagam insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras Presidency.
[edit]Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Over the years, many disputes arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai, decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and anointed his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered as his political heir.[8]
Annadurai, on September 17, 1949 along with V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, K.A. Mathiazhagan, K. Anbazhagan, N.V. Natarajan, E. V. K. Sampath and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK.
[edit]MGR's entry
M. G. Ramachandran, K. A. Mathialagan, C. N. Annadurai, Rajaji andM. Karunanidhi
MGR was a member of the DMK, and he was seen as an icon of the DMK and spread its message through films like Anbe Vaa. In 1953, MGR joined the DMK, popularised the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India by showing it in his movies. DMK entered the electoral fray rather unsuccessfully in 1957 with even senior leader V. R. Nedunchezhiyan losing fromSalem although M Karunanidhi won after initially having opposed all Indian government and later supporting only those parties which promised to help its secession from India cause.
[edit]1960s
DMK leaders K. A. Mathialagan, V. P. Raman, C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi with Rajaji
Annadurai wanted a separate Dravida Nadu but the DMK changed its stance with the Chinese invasion in 1962 and suspended its demand for the length of the war and supported India raising funds for the war. When the war ended, nationalistic feelings were so strong that DMK gave up the separate Dravida nation idea.
The Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to impose Hindi as the only official language of the country; still Hindi imposition continued as Indian government employees are asked to write as much as 65% of the letters and memoranda in Hindi.
In 1967, DMK came to power in Madras province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil Nadu.
In 1969, party general secretary and founder, CN Annadurai died. After his death, there was a power tussle between M Karunanidhi andNendunchezhiyan and the post of party president was created as a compromise with Karunanidhi becoming the president and Nendunchediyan becoming general secretary .
[edit]Karunanidhi's presidency
[edit]MGR's exit
M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) who was a popular actor and the then party treasurer had played a vital part in popularizing the party's ideologies. The political feud between MGR and the party president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of the latter calling himself "Mujib of Tamil Nadu". In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With the crisis falling into call for corruption probe by MGR, he was eventually suspended from the General Council. Thus emerged a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[9]
[edit]Post-MGR
In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the Centre to accept the Rajamannar Committeerecommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a true federal system.
After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in 1989 State assembly elections. Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989. Subsequent to this, the LTTE "sent personal emissaries to Karunanidhi for seeking his active support in their battle against the IPKF".[10]
Then in 1991 elections are arranged to be held for both State and Central government. In 21 May 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Sriperumbudur, near Chennai in a election campaign meeting. It was later found the he has been killed by suicide bomber from LTTE, citingIPKF atrocities [11] in Srilanka as a reason.
This lead to sympathy wave favor of AIADMK - Congress alliance and DMK is deprived of any seats in the Parliament. This brings the rise of political rival J.Jayalalithaa to the DMK.
In 1996 election DMK came to power and M Karunanidhi form the government in the State. In 2004 parliamentary elections, DMK formed a alliance with Congress - Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand Victory, the alliance won all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enable 7 ministerial post in the Central government and influential power to DMK.
Two years later 2006 same alliance won in the state assembly election and DMK formed the government in the state. Mr. M Karunanidhibecome fifth time the Chief Minister of the State.
[edit]Party Symbol
The party's election symbol is the sun arising from between two mountains, called the Rising Sun.
[edit]Election history
See pdf for summary. DMK's worst poll performance ever in this state was registered in 1962 and its peak in 1996.
[edit]Madras State
Year | General Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won |
1962 | 3rd Assembly | 3,435,633 | 50 |
1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 2,315,610 | 7 |
1967 | 4th Assembly | 6,230,552 | 137 |
1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | 5,524,514 | 25 |
[edit]Tamil Nadu
Year | Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won | Alliance(s) |
1971 | 5th Assembly | 7,654,935 | 184 | INC(I)/CPI/AIFB/PSP/IUML |
1977 | 6th Assembly | 4,258,771 | 48 | None |
1980 | 7th Assembly | 4,164,389 | 37 | INC(I) |
1984 | 8th Assembly | 6,362,770 | 24 | CPI/CPM]/JP |
1989 | 9th Assembly | 8,001,222 | 150 | None |
1991 | 10th Assembly | 5,535,668 | 2 | TMK/CPI/CPM]/JD |
1996 | 11th Assembly | 11,423,380 | 173 | TMC |
2001 | 12th Assembly | 8,669,864 | 31 | NDA |
2006 | 13th Assembly | 8,728,716 | 96 | DPA/UPA |
Year | General Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won | Alliance(s) |
1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 5,622,758 | 23 | INC(I) |
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 3,323,320 | 2 | JP |
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 4,236,537 | 16 | INC(I) |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 5,597,507 | 2 | CPI/CPM]/JP/TNC |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 7,038,849 | 0 | CPI/CPM]/JD |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 5,601,597 | 0 | NF |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 6,967,679 | 17 | UF |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 5,140,266 | 5 | UF |
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 6,298,832 | 12 | NDA |
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 7,064,393 | 16 | DPA/UPA |
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 7,625,397 | 18 | UPA |
[edit]Puducherry
Year | Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won |
1974 | 3rd Assembly | 47,823 | 2 |
1977 | 4th Assembly | 30,441 | 3 |
1980 | 5th Assembly | 68,030 | 14 |
1985 | 6th Assembly | 87,754 | 5 |
1990 | 7th Assembly | 101,127 | 9 |
1991 | 8th Assembly | 96,607 | 4 |
1996 | 9th Assembly | 105,392 | 7 |
2001 | 10th Assembly | 83,679 | 7 |
2006 | 11th Assembly | 7 |
Year | General Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 97,672 | 0 |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 157,250 | 0 |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 140,313 | 0 |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 183,702 | 0 |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 168,122 | 1 |
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?671797
- ^ Rao, MSA (1979) Urban Sociology in India Orient Longman Publishers.
- ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence. Routledge. pp. 110–111. ISBN 0415408687.
- ^ Radhan, O.P. (2002). "A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India".Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications. pp. 187.ISBN 8174888659.
- ^ Omvedt, Gail (2006). Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity. Orient Longman. pp. 54–55.ISBN 8125028951.
- ^ "Ethnic balance". India Today. December 20, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. pp. 263.ISBN 978-0691088952.
- ^ Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families - Sify News
- ^ Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr.(1973) Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK. Asian Survey. University of California Press.
- ^ "Jain commission interim report indicts FM, ex-Prime Minister". Indian Express. November 9, 1997. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ IPKF ATROCITIES http://pallavaram-ravi.blogspot.com/2009/03/monday-december-22-2008-touching-moment.html
[edit]External links
- The official party website
- Election reports by EC
- Manisegaran on Dravida Movement
- Dravida Munnetra Kalagam at wordpress.com
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Dravidian political parties
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Categories: State political parties in Tamil Nadu | State political parties in Puducherry | Dravidian political parties | Political parties established in 1949 | Regionalist parties in India | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia*
This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (January 2011)
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
*
Leader
Founded
MG Ramachandran, October 17, 1972
Headquarters
- 226, Avvai Shanmugam Salai, Roayapettah, Chennai- 600014
Newspaper
Alliance
National Democratic Alliance(1998 & 2004-06)
Third Front (2008-present)
Website
Party flag
*
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) (Tamil: அனைத்திந்திய அண்ணா திராவிட முன்னேற்ற கழகம்) is a state political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. The party was founded by M. G. Ramachandran and is now headed by J. Jayalalithaa. The party headquarters is in Royapettah, Chennai, and was gifted to the party in 1986 by its former leader Janaki Ramachandran, wife of M. G. Ramachandran.
Contents
[hide]
[edit]MGR era
The party was founded in 1972 by M. G. Ramachandran (popularly known as MGR), a veteran star of the Tamil film industry and a popular politician, as a breakaway from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led by M. Karunanidhi, the then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, owing to differences between the two. Relations between the two parties have been marked by mutual contempt.
Till the time MGR, also known as Puratchi Thalaivar (Revolutionary Leader), was alive, the AIADMK continued to be dominated by one man, despite the presence of formidable leaders like V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, R. M. Veerappan, S. Thirunavukkarasu, and J. Jayalalitha.
The government led by the DMK, was dismissed by a Central promulgation after MGR filed a petition seeking enquiry into corruption charges.[citation needed] The Central Government was held by the Congress Party, an ally of the AIADMK. The party came to power in 1977 after trouncing DMK in the next elections to the legislative assembly in the state and MGR was named the Chief Minister. He was sworn in as chief minister of the state on June 30, 1977. In 1979, AIADMK became the first Dravidian and non-congress party to be part of the Union Cabinet, when two AIADMK Members of Parliament, Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor, joined the short-lived Charan Singh Ministry which followed the Morarji Desai-led Janata Partygovernment of 1977-79.
Relations between the Congress party and the AIADMK slowly became strained and the DMK got closer to the Congress Party. In the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the Congress Party aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of 39 parliamentary seats in the state; the AIADMK had just two seats.
After returning to power, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi's government dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties, including Dr. M. G. Ramachandran's government. Elections to the state legislature were held in late May 1980. Reversing the trend of Lok Sabha elections, the AIADMK won a comfortable majority in the state assembly by winning 129 seats out of 234. MGR was sworn in as chief minister for the second time on June 9, 1980.
In 1984, even with MGR's failing health and subsequent hospitalization abroad, the party managed to win the state elections in alliance with the Congress party that had improved relations with the AIADMK. Many political historians consider MGR's persona and charisma at this point of time as "infallible", and a logical continuation of his on-screen "good lad" image, strengthened by his mythical status in the minds of the masses.[citation needed] The victory of the AIADMK-Congress combine in the assembly elections seemed so certain that the DMK supremo M. Karunanidhi refrained from contesting the assembly elections of 1984. MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which ended with his demise on December 24, 1987.
[edit]Succession crisis
Janaki Ramachandran the second Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from the AIADMK Party
MGR's wife Janaki Ramachandran subsequently rose to the party's leadership and led the government as the state's first woman chief minister until the state assembly was suspended and President's rule imposed. The party, in the absence of a personality of MGR's calibre, began to crumble, with infighting, and broke into two factions, one under Janaki Ramachandran and the other under J. Jayalalithaa, a former film star and associate of MGR. The state elections in 1989 saw DMK regaining power with Karunanidhi at the helm. The factions led by Jayalalitha and Janaki merged in 1988 under the former's leadership. The DMK government was dismissed in 1990 by the central government led by prime minister Chandra Shekhar Singh, an ally of the AIADMK at that time, with accusations that the constitutional machinery in the state had broken down.
[edit]J. Jayalalitha era
The AIADMK swept to power in the elections of 1991. Many political observers have ascribed the landslide victory to the anti-incumbent wave arising out of the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi[citation needed] by suspected Tamil separatists fighting for a homeland in neighbouring Sri Lanka. The ensuing government was accused of large-scale corruption, but Jayalalithaa managed to hold on to power for a full term of five years, after which she lost the next election to the DMK, in 1996. The DMK held power till 2001, when Jayalalithaa won the next election to become chief minister once again. She has been very vocal in opposing the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, or Tamil Tigers) since then and has had a wishy-washy political association with Subramaniam Swamy. Some AIADMK cadres were accused of being behind the acid-attack on Subramaniam Swamy's acquaintance, Chandralekha, an IAS officer.
In her second term as chief minister, Ms. Jayalalitha avoided the blunders she committed during the first term. However, she was plagued by corruption cases related to her earlier rule and had to sit out of the government for some time. After having been cleared by the courts she became chief minister again. She undertook economic reforms and took many popular decisions[citation needed] such as banning of lottery tickets, restricting the liquor and sand quarrying business to government agencies and banning tobacco product sales near schools and colleges. She also took action against gangsters, trouble makers, and striking government employees, and improved law and order in the state[citation needed].
She sent a special task force to the Satyamangalam forests in October 2004 to hunt down notorious sandalwood smuggler Veerappan. The operation was successful as Veerappan was finally killed by the task force on 18 October 2004.
However, in the Parliamentary elections of 2004, the party lost all their seats to the opposition coalition comprising all major opposition parties in the state.
In the assembly elections of 2006, in spite of media speculations of a hung assembly, the AIADMK was pushed out of power owing to big sweep by the DMK led by M Karunanidhi. It managed to hold on to only 61 assembly seats.
AIADMK has spread out and has following in the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh with official units. The party under the leadership of Dr. Jayalalitha had floated 54 candidates across the state of Kerala in the Assembly elections of 2006 and had contested on its own. Initially AIADMK had made an alliance with Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran) led by the former Kerala Chief Minister K. Karunakaran, but decided to go on its own when the latter went with the Congress led United Democratic Front at the last moment, as a result of the mediation talks from the constituents of the UDF. In Karnataka the party had members in the state Assembly. AIADMK has its following in various other places like Mumbai and Delhi. There are also units in various countries where the Tamil population is spread out.
Jayalalitha is intelligent and efficient, but her authoritarian style left with no visible second level leadership or youth faces in her party. In this era of development oriented politics, her party lacks well-known figures.[clarification needed]
Recently she made an effort to attract youths, by forming "Ilaignar Pasarai", which gained momentum, but her effort was demolished in one stroke, when she asked youths to be patient in a marriage function. Various press articles reported that youth in her party was disappointed by her remarks. She has attacked the DMK over its role in the government's neglect of the economy, ignoring the rising cost of living and further ignoring the increase in political extremism.[1]
[edit]Religion
By religion Annadurai was a Hindu. He affirmed his belief in God as one, and humanity as one.[2] He said: Ondre Kulam, Oruvane Thevan.[3]His followers, using his example, raised the slogan, "One God, One Race".
In an interview he said, "Oh, no. I am always pleading for real faith in God."[4]
Annadurai would attack superstitions and religious exploitation but would never fight against spiritual values of society.[5]
[edit]Election history
[edit]Tamil Nadu
Year | General Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won |
1977 | 6th Assembly | 5,194,876 | 131 |
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 5,365,076 | 17 |
1980 | 7th Assembly | 7,303,010 | 129 |
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 4,674,064 | 2 |
1984 | 8th Assembly | 8,030,809 | 134 |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 3,968,967 | 12 |
1989 | 9th Assembly | 148,630 | 2 |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 4,518,649 | 11 |
1991 | 10th Assembly | 10,940,966 | 164 |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 4,470,542 | 11 |
1996 | 11th Assembly | 5,831,383 | 4 |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 2,130,286 | 0 |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 6,628,928 | 18 |
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 6,992,003 | 10 |
2001 | 12th Assembly | 8,815,387 | 132 |
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 8,547,014 | 0 |
2006 | 13th Assembly | 10,768,559 | 61 |
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 6,953,591 | 9 |
[edit]Pondicherry
Year | General Election | Votes Polled | Seats Won |
1974 | 3rd Assembly | 60,812 | 12 |
1977 | 4th Assembly | 69,873 | 14 |
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 115,302 | 1 |
1980 | 5th Assembly | 45,623 | 0 |
1985 | 6th Assembly | 47,521 | 6 |
1990 | 7th Assembly | 76,337 | 3 |
1991 | 8th Assembly | 67,792 | 6 |
1996 | 9th Assembly | 57,678 | 3 |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 102,622 | 0 |
2001 | 10th Assembly | 59,926 | 3 |
2006 | 11th Assembly | 3 |
[edit]References
- ^ Unattributed (2009-04-30). "Tamil Eelam: Jayalalithaa cites India's role in creating Bangladesh". The Hindu 132 (102): p. 8. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
- ^ P. 66 Daughter of the South By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲
- ^ P. 41 Ethnic movement in India By Ganapathy Palanithurai, R. Thandavan
- ^ P. 44 Seminar
- ^ P. 25 C.N. Annadurai By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲
[edit]External links
- Official website for All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam :: www.admkindia.org
- Official website for Dr Namathu MGR Publication :: www.drmgr.org
- Information about AIADMK on Indian-Elections.com
- BBM interview in Indian Express, 08 July 2009 about AIADMK Plans to Launch 10 Websites
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14 Dec 2010 ... Former Telecom Minister A Raja is now at the centre of cheating the poorest of poor farnmers in land grab scam in his own constituency ...
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Categories: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Dravidian political parties | State political parties in Tamil Nadu | State political parties in Puducherry | Political parties established in 1972
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A. Raja
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September 2010) |
- In this Indian name, the name "Andimuthu" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Raja".
| Andimuthu Raja | |
| Ex-Minister | |
| Preceded by | Dayanidhi Maran |
|---|---|
| Constituency | Nilgiris |
| Born | 10 May 1963 (age 47) Perambalur, Tamil Nadu,India |
| Political party | DMK |
| Spouse(s) | M.A. Parameswari |
| Children | Mayuri |
| Residence | Perambalur |
| Religion | Hindu SC |
| As of September 22, 2006 Source: [1] | |
A. Raja (Tamil: ஆ. ராஜா) (ஆண்டிமுத்து ராஜா) (born May 10, 1963, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India) is an Indian politician from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) political party. He is a member of the 15th Lok Sabha representing the Nilgiris constituency of Tamil Nadu. Raja was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1996 and first served as minister of state from 1999 to 2003. On being re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 2004, he became a cabinet minister in the UPA government. In 2007, he became cabinet minister for communication and information technology. On being re-elected in 2009 he was again appointed cabinet minister for communication and information technology until being tainted in the 2G spectrum scam and resigning in 2010.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Resignations
On October 17, 2008 he submitted his post-dated resignation to the D.M.K party chief M. Karunanidhi over the killings of Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka.[1] His resignation was a part of the mass resignation of all the D.M.K ministers forming a part of the coalition UPA central government.
On November 14, 2010, he announced that he would step down [2] from his cabinet post, over the 2G spectrum allocation scandal.
[edit]Spectrum Scandal
The 2G spectrum financial scandal in the Telecommunications and IT Ministry under A.Raja is noteworthy as the largest political corruptioncase in modern Indian history, amounting to a record $40 billion loss from underpricing to the Government of India.[citation needed] The allegedmodus operandi was telecom bandwidth being grossly undervalued and offered to a chosen few with vested interests, on a dubious 'First-Come-First-Served' basis. It is alleged that it should have been put under a transparent auction system, purportedly advised by higher office.
The bandwidth-spectrum allocation of 2G bandwidth had later come under criticism for gross irregularities. An FIR filed by the CBI claims that the allocation was not done as per market prices, resulting in a scam worth 
200 crore (US$43.4 million)[3]. However it had been alleged byArun Jaitley of Bhartiya Janata Party that the scam is worth around 170,000 crore (US$36.89 billion). The Comptroller and Auditor General holds Raja personally responsible for the sale of 2G spectrum at 2001 rates in 2008, resulting the previously mentioned loss of up to Rs. 1.76 lakh crores (US$40 billion) to the national exchequer. [4] In August, 2010, evidence was submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) showing that Raja had personally signed and approved the majority of the questionable allocations.[5] Although the political opposition was demanding his resignation over the 2G spectrum scam, Raja initially refused to resign stating his innocence, and this view was backed by his party president M.Karunanidhi.[6]
The financial scam eventually led to Raja's resignation [7] on the 14th of November, 2010. There will be further criminal investigation and action on Raja with reports being filed by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
[edit]References
- ^ 14 DMK MPs hand in resignation letters - India - DNA
- ^ 2G scam: Raja resigns, DMK says it's still part of Union Government
- ^ "Raja faces heat as CBI raids DoT on 2G scam". India Today. October 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ Singh, Shalini (28 October 2009). "BJP takes on Raja over telecom spectrum scam". Times of India. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ Joseph, Josy (August 30, 2010). "CAG draft report nails Raja role in 2G scam". The Times Of India.
- ^ "Raja adamant, says won't step down, ready for probe". The Times Of India. November 12, 2010.
- ^ DMK blinks, Raja quits - Hindustan Times
[edit]External links
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Dayanidhi Maran | Minister of Communications and Information Technology 2007-10 | Succeeded by Kapil Sibal |
C. N. Annadurai
| C. N. Annadurai சி. என். அண்ணாதுரை | |
 | |
| In office February, 1967 – 3 February 1969 | |
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi |
|---|---|
| Governor | Sardar Ujjal Singh |
| Preceded by | M. Bakthavatsalam |
| Succeeded by | V. R. Nedunchezhiyan(acting) |
| In office 1962–1967 | |
| President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
| Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi |
Member of Madras Legislative Council | |
| In office 1967–1969 | |
| Premier | C. N. Annadurai |
| Governor | Sardar Ujjal Singh |
Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly | |
| In office 1957–1962 | |
| Premier | K. Kamaraj |
| Governor | A. J. John, Anaparambil Bhishnuram Medhi |
| Preceded by | Deivasigamani |
| Succeeded by | S. V. Natesa Mudaliar |
| Constituency | Kanchipuram |
| Born | September 15, 1909 Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, British India |
| Died | February 3, 1969 (aged 59) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Spouse(s) | Rani Annadurai |
| Children | None, but adopted his sister's grandchildren |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Religion | Hinduism |
- In this Indian name, the name "Conjeevaram Natarajan" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Annadurai".
Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai (Tamil: காஞ்சீபுரம் நடராஜன் அண்ணாதுரை) (15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969), popularly called Anna (Tamil: அண்ணா, "elder brother"), or Arignar Anna (Anna the scholar) was a former Chief Minister of the South Indian state ofTamil Nadu. He was the first member of a Dravidian party to hold that post and was also the first non-Congress leader to form a majority government in independent India.
He was well known for his oratorical skills and was an acclaimed writer in the Tamil language. He scripted and acted in several plays. Some of his plays were later made into movies. He was the first politician from the Dravidian parties to use Tamil cinema extensively for political propaganda. Born in a middle class family of weavers, he first worked as a school teacher, then moved into the political scene of the Madras Presidency as a journalist. He edited several political journals and enrolled as a member of the Dravidar Kazhagam. As an ardent follower ofPeriyar E. V. Ramasamy, he rose in stature as a prominent member of the party.
With differences looming with Periyar, on issues of separate independent state of Dravida Naduand on inclusion in the Indian Union, he crossed swords with his political mentor. The antipathy between the two finally erupted when Periyar married Maniammai, who was much younger than he. Angered by this action of Periyar, Annadurai with his supporters parted from Dravidar Kazhagam and launched his own party, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK initially followed ideologies the same as the mother party, Dravidar Kazhagam. But with the evolution of national politics and the constitution of India after the Sino-Indian war in 1963, Annadurai dropped the claim of an independent Dravida Nadu.
Various protests against the then ruling Congress government took him to prison on several occasions; the last of which was during the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The agitation itself helped Annadurai to gain popular support for his party. His party won a landslide victory in the 1967 state elections. His cabinet was the youngest at that time in India. He legalised Self-respect marriages, enforced a two language policy (in preference to the three language formulain other southern states), implemented subsidies for rice, and renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu.
However, he died of cancer just two years into office. His funeral had the highest attendance of any to that date, earning it a Guinness record. Several institutions and organisations are named after him. A splinter party launched by M. G. Ramachandran in 1972 was named after him as ADMK (Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam).
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Early life
Annadurai was born on 15 September 1909 in Kanchipuram (then called Conjeevaram), Tamil Nadu, to Natarajan and Bangaru Ammal in a dominant Sengunta Mudaliar caste.[1] He was raised by his sister Rajamani Ammal. At the age of 21, he married Rani while he was still a student. The couple had no children of their own, so they later adopted and raised Rajamani's grandchildren.[2] He attended Pachaiyappa's High School,[1] but left school to work as a clerk in the town's Municipal office to assist with the family finances.[2]
In 1934, he graduated with a B.A. degree (Hons) from Pachaiyappa's College in Chennai.[1] He then earned a M.A degree in Economics and Politics from the same college.[2] He worked as an English teacher[3] in Pachaiyappa High School. Later he quit the teaching job and began involving himself in journalism and politics.[2]
[edit]Religion
By religion Annadurai was a Hindu. The Murugan of the Tiruttani hill temple was the family deity.[4] He affirmed his belief in God as one, and humanity as one.[5] He said: Onrae Kulam, Oruvane Thevan.[6] His followers used his slogan, "One race, One god".
In an interview he said, "Oh, no. I am always pleading for real faith in God."[7]
Annadurai would attack superstitions and religious exploitation but would never fight against the spiritual values of society.[8]
[edit]Entry into politics
Annadurai's interest in politics made him join the Justice party in 1935.[9] The Justice party was formed by non-Brahmin elites in 1917.[10]The Justice party originated with the Madras United League which was initially started as a work group that helped non-Brahmin students inMadras with accommodation and later grew into a political party under the efforts of leaders like Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetty and Dr. T. M. Nair. The party was named South Indian Liberal Federation (S. I. L. F.) - popularly known as Justice party.[10] The party had been in power inMadras Presidency since self-governance was introduced in 1920, until it was defeated by the Indian National Congress in 1937.[11] By the time Annadurai joined the Justice party, Periyar E. V. Ramasami was the party president.[12] Annadurai served as the sub-editor of the Justice magazine.[2] He later became the editor for Viduthalai (Freedom in English) and was also associated with the Tamil weekly paper, Kudi Arusu. He started his own journal Dravida Nadu (named after the Dravida Nadu - an independent state that the party called for).[2] In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice party to Dravidar Kazhagam and gave up contesting in the elections.[13]
[edit]Differences with Periyar and birth of DMK
The Indian National Congress, which had been fighting for the independence of India from colonial British rule, was dominated by Brahmins. Periyar assumed that independent India would bring South Indians, especially Tamils, under the dominance of Brahmins and North Indians.[14] For these reasons Periyar called for 15 August 1947, the day of Indian independence, to be a day of mourning.[15] Annadurai opposed this move and the schism between his supporters and Periyar widened.[14] He saw the gaining of independence as an overall achievement of India rather than solely that of Aryan North.[9] Moreover Periyar's decision on giving up participating in democratic elections was also opposed by Annadurai, in reaction to which he walked out of a party meeting in 1948.[9] Periyar considered that candidates in elections must compromise their ideologies. Moreover, it was Periyar's idea that social reformation can be better achieved outside politics, through education and canvassing the masses, rather than governments.[16] Eventually, when Periyar married Maniammai, who was 40 years younger than he, the personal differences between Annadurai and Periyar split their supporters[16]). Annadurai launched his own party with his party fragment, along with E. V. K. Sampath (Periyar's nephew and until then considered his political heir[17]). The new party was namedDravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[18] Although Annadurai belonged to the upper Mudaliar caste, he fought for social justice for the lower castes and thus rapidly gained popular support.[9]
[edit]Dravida Nadu
During his days in Dravida Kazhagam, Annadurai had supported Periyar's call for an independent Dravida Nadu. The claim for such an independent state stayed alive in the initial days of DMK. E. V. K. Sampath, who had earlier forfeited his inheritance from Periyar to join DMK, saw the call for Dravida Nadu as an unrealistic goal. Responding to Sampath's concern, Annadurai said
| " | We must contest more elections, win more seats and that way, win the confidence of the people; and when it is hot, we can strike and strike hard[19] | " |
Sampath's opposition to using film stars made him cross swords with many other members of the party. Eventually, with looming differences with Annadurai and other leaders on Dravida Nadu, Sampath left the DMK and formed his own party, the Tamil Nationalist Party, in 1961.[16] In 1962, Annadurai said in theRajya Sabha that Dravidians want the right of self-determination ... We want a separate country for southern India.[20]
However, the reorganisation of states in India on linguistic basis removed Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam speaking regions from the Madras Presidency leaving behind a predominantly Tamil Madras State. Giving in to realities, Annadurai and his DMK changed the call of independent Dravida Nadu for Dravidians to independent Tamil Nadu for Tamils. Annadurai felt that remaining in the Indian Union meant accepting linguistic domination and economic backwardness. Nevertheless, the Sino-Indian war brought about changes in the Indian constitution. The Sixteenth Amendment (most popularly known as the Anti-Secessionist Amendment) banned any party with sectarian principles from participating in elections. When this amendment was presented in the Parliament of India, Annadurai was one of its members. He vehemently debated against the amendment, but eventually could not stop it from being passed. Faced with the new constitutional changes, Annadurai and his DMK left the call for an independent Tamil homeland on the back burner.[21] From then on Annadurai and his DMK aimed at achieving better cooperation between the southern states and claimed more autonomy for Tamil Nadu.[22]On the party's position, Annadurai said
| " | To make the Dravidian state a separate state was our ideal. A situation has arisen where we can neither talk nor write about this ideal. Of course we can destroy the party by undertaking to violate the prohibition. But once the party itself is destroyed there will not be any scope for the ideal to exist or spread. That is why we had to give up the ideal.[19] | " |
[edit]Protests in 1953
In 1953, Annadurai directed the DMK to undertake three protests:[16]
- Against Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, for using derogatory language[specify] with reference to leaders of Madras State
- Against C. Rajagopalachari (or Rajaji), the then chief minister of Madras State, for introducing a new educational system that indirectly encouraged traditional caste-based occupations called Kula Kalvi Thittam
- Against renaming Kallakkudi Dalmiyapuram as the name Dalmiyapuram symbolised north Indian domination. He was eventually sentenced to three months imprisonment in this protest.
[edit]Anti-Hindi agitations
Hindi was first recommended to be an apt language for official purposes in India by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru in 1928. This move was opposed by people and politicians of Tamil Nadu, since they considered that it would make them second class citizens when compared to that of native Hindi speaking North Indians.[23]
[edit]Protests of 1938
In 1938, the Congress government in Madras Presidency headed by C. Rajagopalachari (popularly known as Rajaji) proposed the use of Hindi language as a compulsory language in schools. This move was opposed by Tamil leaders. Annadurai, along with other Tamil enthusiasts including the poet Bharathidasan, held demonstrations. Annadurai participated in the first Anti Hindi imposition conference held inKanchipuram on 27 February 1938. Two members of the protest, Thalamuthu and Natarajan, died as a consequence of police beating the same year. With overwhelming opposition, the government of Madras Presidency finally withdrew the order in 1940.[24]
[edit]Madras Anti Hindi agitation of 1965
When India became a republic with its own constitution in 1950, the constitution had given special status to the Hindi language, which was to gain official status after 15 years in 1965. This move was regarded with anxiety by students in Tamil Nadu.[23] Speaking of making Hindi as official language of India, Annadurai said It is claimed that Hindi should be the common language because it is spoken by the majority. Why should we then claim the tiger as our national animal instead of the rat which is so much more numerous? Or the peacock as our national bird when the crow is ubiquitous?.[25] In view of continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against Hindi imposition at Kodambakkam, Chennai in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over. He gave black flags to leading functionaries, to be shown to the President of India during his visit to the state. Sensing an uprising, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru assured in the Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire. DMK gave up the plan of showing black flags and Annadurai appealed to the Union Government to bring about a constitutional amendment incorporating the assurance.[16]
With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th Republic Day of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by the then Chief Minister of Madras State, Bhakthavatchalam, as blasphemous. Hence Annadurai, who by then had been trying to shake off the secessionist image of his party, declared 24 January as a day of mourning. He also replaced the slogan of the protests to Down with Hindi; Long live the Republic. Nevertheless, violence broke out on 26 January, initially in Madurai which within days spread throughout the state.[23] Robert Hardgrave Jr, professor of humanities, government and Asian studies, suggests that the elements contributing to the riots were not instigated by DMK or Leftists or even the industrialists, as the Congress government of the state suggested, but were genuine frustrations and discontentment which lay beneath the surface of the people of the state.[23]
With violence surging, Annadurai asked the students to forfeit the protests, but some DMK leaders like Karunanidhi kept the agitations going.[23] Nevertheless, Annadurai was arrested for instigating the agitation.[16] Although the violence were not directly instigated by the DMK,[23] the agitation itself aided DMK to win the 1967 elections and Annadurai became the Chief Minister of Madras State.[26]
[edit]Literary contributions
Annadurai was known as one of the best Tamil orators during his time.[3] He developed a style in Tamil public speaking using metaphors and pleasing alliterations, both in spoken and written language.
He has published several novels, short stories and plays which incorporate political themes.[3] He himself acted in some of his plays during his time in the Dravidar Kazhagam.[27] He introduced movie media as a major organ for propaganda of Dravidian politics.[28] In total Annadurai scripted six screen plays.[27]
His first movie Nallathambi (Good Brother, 1948) which starred N. S. Krishnan promoted cooperative farming and abolition of zamindari system.[27] His novels such as Velaikaari (Servant Maid, 1949) and Or Iravu, which were later made into movies, carried the hallmarks of propaganda for Dravidian politics.[29] On Velaikari, Annadurai said that the movie
| " | made it clear that greed and avarice of the rich did not pay in the long run.[...] Some of the elementary principles of socialism and stressed that we should depend upon our own labor for our progress and well being and not some unknown factor.[27] | " |
Velaikari made direct references against the suppressive landlords who were traditionally allied with Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi.[13] His movies in general carried the elements of Dravidian political ideologies such as anti-Brahminism and anti Congress messages.[29] Popular stage and cine actors who stood by Anna in early years were D. V. Narayanasamy, K. R. Ramasamy, N. S. Krishnan, S. S. Rajendran,Sivaji Ganesan and M. G. Ramachandran.[16]
Some of the books were also controversial, such as "Arya Mayai" (Aryan Illusion) in which he scathingly attacks the Brahmin/Aryan combine and portrays them in a poor light. He was fined Rs 700 for sedition[30] and was also sent to prison.[16]
Some of his well known works are his books Annavin Sattasabai Sorpolivukal (Anna's speeches at the state legislative, 1960), Ilatchiya varalaru (History of Principles, 1948), Valkkaip puyal (Storm of life, 1948) and Rankon rata (Radha from Rangon).[3] His work Kambarasamcriticises Ramayana of Kamban.[31] His works of fiction such as Kapothipura kathal (Love in the city of Blind), Parvathy B.A., Kalinga rani(Queen of Kalinga) and Pavayin payanam (Travels of a young lady) carried elements of political propaganda.[31]
At times when Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was extensively using movies for its propaganda, censorship crippled the process. To evade censorships, DMK movies used Annadurai's popular nickname Anna, which also means elder brother in Tamil, as a pun. When praises were bestowed on the Anna on screen, the crowd would break into applause.[27] Kannadasan has criticised Anna's works that apart from Sivaji Kanda Hindu Rajyam and Needhi Devan Mayakkam, the rest lacked even a plot[32]
[edit]Posts held
The provincial conference of the DMK was held at Tiruchirappalli in May 1956. Annadurai stepped down from the General Secretaryship of the party, and Nedunchezhian was elected to that position. It was at the Tiruchirappalli conference that the party decided to contest free India's second general elections which were to be held in 1957. The DMK secured 15 Assembly seats and two parliamentary seats.[16] Anna was elected from his home constituency, Kanchipuram[16] for the first time to the Madras Legislative Assembly.[3] In that election, the DMK won 15 seats and Annadurai became the leader of the opposition in the state.[1] In 1962, the DMK emerged as the major political party in the state outside the Congress, winning 50 seats in the Assembly.[1] Although Annadurai himself lost the elections, he was nominated as a Member of Parliament to the upper house (Rajya Sabha).[1][3]
[edit]As chief minister
In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.[33] The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in theOpposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wingSwatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.[34]At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.[35]
Annadurai legalised Self-respect marriages for the first time in the country. Such marriages were void of priests to preside over the ceremony and thus did not need a Brahmin to carry out the wedding.[36] Self respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often caused great debt through dowry. Self-Respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.[37] Annadurai was also the first to use subsidising of the price of rice for election victory. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidising rice costs are still used as a election promise in Tamil Nadu.[38]
It was Annadurai's government that renamed the Madras State Tamil Nadu. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.[14] With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the states.[12]
Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a two language policy over the then popular three language formula.[12] The three language formula, which was implemented in the neighbouring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.[23] It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Tamil Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.[16] Nevertheless, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil.[39]Annadurai also issued an order for the removal of the pictures of gods and religious symbols from public offices and buildings.[16] He proceeded on a world tour as an invitee of the Yale University's Chubb Fellowship Programme and was also a guest of the State Department in the U.S.A. in April-May 1968. He was awarded the Chubb Fellowship at Yale University, being the first non-American to receive this honour.[16] The same year he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Annamalai University.[1]
[edit]Death
Annadurai died just after two years in office. His health was deteriorating due to cancer and in spite of good medical care he died of his illness on 3 February 1969.[16] His illness was attributed to his habit of chewing tobacco.[35] His funeral had the highest number of attendees until then, as registered with The Guinness Book of Records.[40] An estimate of 15 million people attended the funeral.[41] His mortal remains were buried in the northern end of Marina Beach, which is now called Anna Square.[42]
[edit]Legacy
Annadurai was the only political leader at the national level in India during his era who was not involved in the Indian independence movement.[35] After his electoral success with his DMK in 1967, the Congress has not yet returned to power in Tamil Nadu. His government was the first in the country to be from a non-Congress party with full majority.[33] When the DMK later split, with M. G. Ramachandran forming his own Dravidian party, the rebel fragment was named after Annadurai as Anna DMK. Anna Nagar, a residential neighbourhood in Chennai is named after him. Sri Lankan Tamil nationalist leaders and writers are considered to be influenced by Annadurai's chaste Tamil movement.[43] Anna University, a premier institution in science and technology was named after him. DMK's current head office built in 1987 is named after him as Anna Arivalayam.[44] One of the major roads in Chennai was named in his honour, Anna Salai--it was previously called Mount Road, and a statue of Annadurai now stands there.[45] The central government issued a commemorative coin of 5 denomination to mark the centenary celebrations of him on Sep 15, 2009 in Chennai.[46] Jawaharlal Nehru hailed him as one of the great parliamentarians for speeches in Rajya Sabha.[47] Selig Harrison, analyst of South Asian and East Asian politics and journalism[48] commented
| " | There is no doubt that this powerful orator is the single-most popular mass figure in the region[35] | " |
In 2010, Anna Centenary Library was established in Chennai in remembrance of Annadurai.[49]
[edit]Filmography
| Year | Film | Credits.[50] |
|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Nallathambi | Story, Screenplay and Dialogues |
| 1949 | Velaikaari | Story, Screenplay and Dialogues |
| 1951 | Or Iravu | Story and Dialogues |
| 1954 | Sorgavasal | Story and Dialogues |
| 1956 | Rangoon Radha | Story |
| 1959 | Thaai magalukku kattiya thali | Story |
| Edhayum Thangum Idhayam | Story | |
| 1961 | Nallavan Vazhvaan | Story |
| 1970 | Kadhal Jothi | Story |
| 1978 | Vandikaaran magan | Story |
Anna's first movie script, of his play Velaikkari, fetched him a fee of Rs.12000 INR, a considerable sum at that time [51]
Apart from his stories, the names of some of Annadurai's works were used as film titles for Panathottam (1963), Valiba virundhu (1967),Kumarikottam (1971), Rajapart Rangadurai (1973), Needhi devan mayakkam (1982).[50]
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]Fiction
| Year | Type | Work | First appeared in[50] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1939 | Novella | Komalathin Kobam | Kudi arasu |
| 1939 | Novella | Kabothipura Kadhal | Kudi arasu |
| 1942 | Novella | Kumasthavi penn or Kolaikariyin Kurippugal | Dravida Nadu |
| 1942 | Novella | Kalingarani | Dravida Nadu |
| 1943 | Novella | Parvathi B.A | Dravida Nadu |
| 1943 | Play | Chandrodhayam | |
| 1945 | Novella | Dasavatharam | Dravida Nadu |
| 1945 | Play | Sivaji kanda indhu samrajyam | |
| 1946 | Play | Velaikaari | |
| 1946 | Novella | Kumari kottam | Dravida Nadu |
| 1946 | Novella | Rangoon Radha | Dravida Nadu |
| 1947 | Play | Needhidevan mayakkam | |
| 1947 | Parable | Kadhiravan Kaneen | Dravida Nadu |
| 1948 | Play | Nallathambi | |
| 1948 | Play | Or iravu | |
| 1948 | Novella | En vazhvu | Dravida Nadu |
| 1953 | Play | Sorgavasal | |
| 1953 | Play | Kadhal jothi | |
| 1955 | Parable | Kumari Surya | Dravida Nadu |
| 1955 | Parable | Nangai Nagaithaal | Dravida Nadu |
| 1955 | Parable | Oru muttalin kadhai | Dravida Nadu |
| 1955 | Play | Pavayin payanam | |
| 1956 | Novella | Pudhiya polivu | Dravida Nadu |
| 1957 | Novella | Kadaisi kanavu | Dravida Nadu |
| 1965 | Novella | Thazhumbukal | Kanchi |
| 1965 | Novella | Vandikaaran magan | Kanchi |
| 1968 | Novella | appodhae sonnen | Kanchi |
| 1970 | Play | Inba oli | Kanchi and Dravida nadu |
[edit]Non fiction
| Year | Title[1] |
|---|---|
| 1947 | Kambarasam |
| 1948 | Ariyamayai |
[edit]Photo gallery
| AODAIAeeDre23231MK.jpg |  |  |
[edit]References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Life History and Literary Works of C.N. Annadurai". Tamil Electronic Library. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ a b c d e f Karunanidhi, Muthuvel. "Annadurai.C.N (1909-1969)". Vandemataram.com. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ a b c d e f Satyendra, Kuśa (2000). Dictionary of Hindu Literature. Sarup & Sons. pp. 9–10. ISBN 8176251593.
- ^ P.6 "Anna- The Life and times of C N Annadurai" By R. Kannan
- ^ P. 66 Daughter of the South By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲
- ^ P. 41 Ethnic movement in India By Ganapathy Palanithurai, R. Thandavan
- ^ P. 44 Seminar
- ^ P. 25 C.N. Annadurai By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲
- ^ a b c d Rajwat, Mamta (2004). Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 246–247. ISBN 8126120843.
- ^ a b Ralhan, O.P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,.. pp. 125–128. ISBN 8174888659.
- ^ Wilkinson, Steven I (2006). "Caste mobilization in Pre-independence Madras". Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–192. ISBN 0521536057. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ a b c Kandasamy, W.B. Vansantha; Florentin Smarandache; K. Kandasamy (2005). Fuzzy and Neutrosopohc Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability. HEXIS: Phoenix. p. 106.ISBN 9781931233002.
- ^ a b Sarah, Dickey (1993). "The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India". The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies) 52 (2): 340–372.doi:10.2307/2059651.
- ^ a b c Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and Nation in South Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 152–154.ISBN 1555879675.
- ^ Ramaswamy, Cho. "E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai". India Today. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Asaan, GVK (2008). "Anna the genius".The birth centenary of Arignar Anna (C.N.Annadurai- 15 September 1909 - 3 February 1969) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009. The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue. In this issue we give the second and the concluding part. Modern Rationalist. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families - Sify News
- ^ Subramanian, RS (September 26 - October 09, 1998).Celebrating a half century "Celebrating a half century". Frontline, The Hindu Publishing. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ a b Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia. SAGE. pp. 227. ISBN 0761994394.
- ^ Ganguli, Amulya (2007-05-26). "The DMK's negative politics". The Tribune, India. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Bukowski, Jeanie J; Swarna Rajagopalan (2000). Re-distribution of Authority. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 19–21.ISBN 0275963772.
- ^ Jain, Sumitra Kumar (1994). Party Politics and Centre-state Relations in India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 142.ISBN 8170173094.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hardgrave, Robert (1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey 5 (8): 399–407. doi:10.1525/as.1965.5.8.01p0095g. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Thirumavalavan; Meena Kandasamy (2004). Uprrot Hindutva. Popular Prakashan. pp. 125–126. ISBN 8185604797.
- ^ Nandivarman, N (2008-01-27). "Remembering the 1965 Anti Hindi Struggle". Tamil Nation. Retrieved 2008-12-20.[dead link]
- ^ Viswanathan, S (April 10 – 23, 2004). "A history of agitational politics". Frontline, The Hindu publishing. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ a b c d e Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L (March 1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey (JSTOR)13 (3): 288–305. doi:10.1525/as.1973.13.3.01p0314o.
- ^ Bhanskaran, Gautaman (2008-08-2008). "Pioneers who pushed cinema into politics". The Japan Times online. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
- ^ a b Guneratne, Anthony R.; Wimal Dissanayake, Sumita S. Chakravarty (2003). Rethinking Third Cinema. Routledge. pp. 216. ISBN 0415213541.
- ^ Ramanujam, KS (1967). The big change. Higginbothams. pp. 226.
- ^ a b {{cite book Occasion tickets were sold for his speeches, perhaps a first in the history of speech-making in India. His speeches were almost the first to be published in booklet form. | last = Various authors | title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1 | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 1987 | location = | pages = 181 | isbn = 8126018038}}
- ^ p.79," Anna - Life and times of C N Annadurai by R Kannan
- ^ a b Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence. Routledge. pp. 110–111. ISBN 0415408687.
- ^ Viswanathan, S (April 10–23, 2004). "Dravidian power". Frontline. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ a b c d Venkatachalapathy, AR (2008-04-10). "C.N. ANNADURAI — POLITICIAN, 1909-1969". Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Venkatesh, MR (2004-06-07). "Solidarity show at wedding - ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Hodges, Sara (2005). "Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India". Contributions to Indian Sociology 39 (2): 251–277.doi:10.1177/006996670503900203. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ "Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu". Rediff.com. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Jayakanthan, Dandapani (2006). A Literary Man's Political Experiences. Read books. pp. 212. ISBN 1406735698.
- ^ Kannan, R (2004-09-15). "Remembering Anna". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ McFarlan, Donald; Norris McWhirter (1990). Guinness Book of World Records, 1990. Bantam Books. pp. 400.ISBN 9780553284522.
- ^ Kishore, BR. India - A Travel Guide. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 702. ISBN 8128400673.
- ^ Wilson, Jeyarathnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 37. ISBN 1850655197.
- ^ "The Rising Sun". Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Muthiah, S (2003-07-02). "Round Tana and around". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ "Release Of Coin on Sh C N Annadurai". INDIAN STAMP GHAR. 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ "Tamil Nadu celebrates Annadurai's birth centenary". IBN live. 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ "Selig Harrison". CIP. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library
- ^ a b c "C.N. Annadurai - List of creative works" (in Tamil).Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 2009-01-18.[dead link]
- ^ P.82," Anna-Life and times of C N Annadurai by R. Kannan
| Preceded by None | General Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1949 - 1956 | Succeeded by V. R. Nedunchezhiyan |
| Preceded by Deivasigamani | Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly 1957 - 1962 | Succeeded by S. V. Natesa Mudaliar |
| Preceded by | Leader of Opposition in Madras State Legislative Assembly 1957 - 1962 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Madras Legislative Council 1967 - 1969 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by M. Bakthavatsalam | Chief Minister of Madras State (Tamil Nadu from August 1968) 1967 - 1969 | Succeeded by V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (acting) |
[edit]External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: C. N. Annadurai |
- C.N.Annadurai: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century
- C.N.Annadurai centenary: The website for C.N.Annadurai 100th birthday
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Self-Respect Movement
Articles related to |
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Varied topics[show] |
The Self-Respect Movement was founded in 1925 by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (also known as Periyar) in Tamil Nadu, India. The movement has the aim of achieving a society where backward castes have equal human rights,[1] and encouraging backward castes to have self-respect in the context of a castebased society that considered them to be a lower end of the hierarchy.[2] The movement was extremely influential not just in Tamil Nadu, but also overseas in countries with large Tamil populations, such asMalaysia and Singapore. Among Singapore Indians, groups like the Tamil Reform Association, and leaders like Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani were prominent in promoting the principals of the Self-Respect Movement among the local Tamil population through schools and publications.
A number of political parties in Tamil Nadu, such as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) owe their origins to the Self-respect movement,[3] the latter a 1972 breakaway from the DMK. Both parties are populist with a generally social democraticorientation.[4]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]The Tenets of Self-Respect
Periyar was convinced that if man developed self respect, he would automatically develop individuality and would refuse to be led by the nose by schemers. One of his most known quotes on Self-Respect was, "we are fit to think of 'self-respect' only when the notion of 'superior' and 'inferior' caste is banished from our land".[5]
Periyar did not expect personal or material gain out of this movement. He used to recall in a very casual manner that as a human being, he also was obligated to this duty, as it was the right and freedom to choose this work. Thus, Periyar opted to engage himself in starting and promoting the movement.[6]
Periyar declared that the Self-Respect Movement alone could be the genuine freedom movement, and political freedom would not be fruitful without individual self-respect. He remarked that the so called 'Indian freedom fighters' were showing disrespect of self-respect, and this was really an irrational philosophy.[7]
Periyar observed that political freedom as conceived by nationalists not excluding even Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru did not cover individual self-respect. To him neither revival of the original spirit of Hindu religion and ancient traditions which formed part of Gandhi's conception of freedom, nor complete liberation from the British rule which was considered by Nehru to be the meaning of freedom or both of them together could ensure individual self-respect or remove the ills from Indian societies. In his opinion the task of fulfilling the need for self-respect would have to be faced whatever be the extent of political freedom gained. Pointing out that even the British monarch in a sovereign independent nation had no freedom to marry a person of his choice and had to abdicate his kingdom, Periyar raised a question whether Gandhi's vision of freedom or Nehru's concept of independence contained even an iota of individual self-respect.[7]
Periyar believed that self-respect was as valuable as life itself and its protection is a birth right and not swaraj ('political freedom'). He described the movement as Arivu Vidutalai Iyakkam, that is, a movement to liberate the intellect.[8]
The terms tan-maanam or suya mariyadai meaning 'self-respect' are traceable in ancient Tamil literature considered a virtue of high valor inTamil society. Periyar once claimed that to describe the ideology of his movement, no dictionary in the entire world, implying that no other language, could provide a word better than or equal to suya mariyadai.[8]
Started as a movement (Iyakkam in Tamil) to promote rational behavior, the Self-Respect Movement acquired much wider connotation within a short period of time. Periyar speaking with M.K. Reddy at the First Self-Respect Conference held in 1929, explained the significance of self-respect and its principles. The main tenets of the Self-Respect Movement in society were to be: no kind of inequality among people; no difference as rich and poor in the economic life; men and women to be treated as equals in every respect without differences; attachments to caste, religion, varna, and country to be eradicated from society with a prevalent friendship and unity around the world; and every human being seeing to act according to reason, understanding, desire, and perspective, and shall not be subject to slavery of any kind or manner.[8]
Equality with stress on economic and social equality formed the central theme of the Self-Respect Movement was due to Periyar's determination to fight the inequalities ingrained in the caste system and religious practices. Working on the theme of liberating the society from the baneful social practices perpetrated in the name of dharma and karma, Periyar developed the idea of establishing this movement as the instrument for achieving his objective.[9]
[edit]Anti-Brahmanism
Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars) were frequently held responsible by followers of Periyar for direct or indirect oppression of lower-castepeople on the canard of "Brahmin oppression" and resulted in attacks on Brahmins and which among other reasons started a wave of mass-migration of the Brahmin population.[10] Periyar in regards to a DK member's attempt to assassinate Rajagopalachari, "expressed his abhorrence of violence as a means of settling political differences".[11] Eventually, the anti-Brahmanism subsided with the replacement of the DMK party by the AIADMK.[12]
[edit]Self-Respect marriages
One of the major sociological changes introduced through the self respect movement was the self-respect marriage system, where by marriages were conducted without being officiated by a Brahmin priest. Periyar had regarded the then conventional marriages were mere financial arrangements and often caused great debt through dowry. Self-Respect marriages encouraged inter-caste marriages and arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages. It was argued by the proponents of self-respect marriage that the then conventional marriages were officiated by Brahmins, who has to be paid for and also the marriage ceremony was in Sanskrit which most people did not understand, and hence were ritual and practices based on blind adherence.[13]
[edit]References
- ^ N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy. Political Theory and Political Thought.ISBN 8124111642.
- ^ Thomas Pantham, Vrajendra Raj Mehta, Vrajendra Raj Mehta, (2006). Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations. Sage Publications. ISBN 0761934200.
- ^ Shankar Raghuraman, Paranjoy Guha Thakurta (2004). A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand. Sage Publications.ISBN 0761932372.
- ^ Christopher John Fuller (2003). The Renewal of the Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple. Princeton University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0691116571.
- ^ Gopalakrishnan, Periyar: Father of the Tamil race, p. 64.
- ^ Saraswathi. Towards Self-Respect, p. 88 & 89.
- ^ a b Saraswathi, S. Towards Self-Respect, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Saraswathi, S. Towards Self-Respect, p. 3.
- ^ Saraswathi. Towards Self-Respect, p. 54.
- ^ Lloyd I. Rudolph Urban Life and Populist Radicalism: Dravidian Politics in Madras The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3 (May, 1961), pp. 283-297
- ^ Lloyd I. Rudolph and Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition: political development in India P78,University of Chicago Press 1969, ISBN:0226731375
- ^ C. J. Fuller,The Renewal of the Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple P117, Princeton University Press 2003 ISBN:0691116571
- ^ Hodges S (2005)Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India, 1926–49 Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 39, No. 2, 251-277
[edit]See also
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Politics of Tamil Nadu
Dravidian parties have dominated state politics since 1967.One of the earliest regional parties was the South Indian Welfare Association, which was founded in 1916. It came to be known as the Justice Party after the name of its English-language daily, Justice.E.V. Ramasami, popularly known as "Periyar", renamed the party Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. DK was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956.
In the 19th century, Western scholars proposed that Dravidian languages that dominates the south of India formed a different linguistic group to that of Indo-Aryan languages that are predominant in the north of the country. They also classified Indians into distinct Aryan and Dravidian races, it was supposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct race. This concept has affected thinking in India about racial and regional differences and had an impact on aspects of Tamil nationalism, which has appropriated the claim that Dravidians are the earliest inhabitants of India, and the Aryan population were oppressive interlopers from whom Dravidians should liberate themselves. History has shown that Dravidian linguistic family predates Indo-aryan linguistic family in India, however both language groups have been influenced by the other during the course of three millennia.
Re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and more powerful political force in the state. The DMK routed the Indian National Congress party in the 1967 elections and took control of the state government, ending Congress's stronghold in Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's first Chief Minister, and Muthuvel Karunanidhi took over as Chief Minister and party leader after Annadurai's death in 1969.Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by M.G. Ramachandran, popularly known as MGR. In 1972, he split from DMK and formed the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). He was the Chief Minister of the state from 1977 until his death in 1987. After the death of MGR, the party split again into two factions, one led by Janaki Ramachandran, wife of MGR, and the other led byJ. Jayalalithaa. After the defeat of AIADMK in 1989 assembly polls, both factions were merged and Jayalalithaa took control of the party. She was elected as the General Secretary of the unified AIADMK. There have been splits in both the DMK and the AIADMK, but since 1967 one of those two parties has held power in the state. In the State elections after M.G. Ramachandran's death, neither of the two parties could come back to power in consecutive assembly elections. Governments were formed by: DMK in 1989, AIADMK in 1991, DMK alliance in 1996, AIADMK alliance in 2001 and DMK alliance in 2006.
DMK has slowly moved from espousing backward classes to economic oriented politics. Its members wear branded clothes, mingle with business heads and talk about development growth. Nowadaya, DMK vote is mainly derived from urban areas
Starting from 1990s, caste based politics is on the rise in Tamil Nadu. Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) party deriving strength from vanniars,Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katch (VCK) party based on Dalit votes and Puthiya Thamilagam based on another sect of Dalits have been gaining prominence in Tamil Nadu. These parties have been gaining modest electoral success and slowly eating into traditional vote banks of DMK and AIADMK. Recently an outfit supporting Kongu Vellala Gounders also joined this list, a caste decides electoral victories in West Tamil Nadu, with the launch of their own political party Kongunadu Munnetra Peravai (KMP) in February 2009.
| | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Politics of Tamil Nadu |
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Dayanidhi Maran
| Dayanidhi Maran | |
| Minister of Textiles in the Union Cabinet | |
| Constituency | Chennai Central |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 December 1966 (age 44) Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu,India |
| Political party | DMK |
| Spouse(s) | Priya Dayanidhi Maran |
| Children | 1 son and 1 daughter |
| Residence | Chennai |
| Religion | Hindu |
| Website | [www.dayanidhimaran.com] |
| As of September 22, 2006 Source: [1] | |
Dayanidhi Maran (Tamil: தயாநிதி மாறன்) (Hindi: दयानिदी मारन) (born December 5, 1966,Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India) is the Union minister for Textiles, a member ofparliament in India's 15th Lok Sabha from Chennai Central constituency. He was also a member of Parliament in 15th Lok sabha as the Minister for textiles in the Union Cabinet.
He is the son of Late Mr. Murasoli Maran and the grandnephew of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) president M Karunanidhi. He is the younger brother of Kalanidhi Maran, the founder and managing director of Sun Network, the group that owns and operates the largest number of satellite television channels in southern India in four languages. He is a graduate in economics.
He is an Amateur Radio Operator. His HAM Radio Callsign is VU2DMK. He went to School atDon Bosco, Egmore, Chennai.
Contested as a DMK party candidate to the 14th Lok Sabha from Central Chennai Constituency in Chennai in the State of Tamil Nadu in Parliamentary Elections held in April – May 2004 and elected as a Member of Parliament by winning with a margin of over 1,34,000 votes and securing over 62% of the votes polled.
He was appointed Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology from 26 May 2004.
As of 2004, he is an Indian millionaire having declared assets of 16 million Indian rupees(approx. 360,000 US dollars).
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Achievements
Maran reduced the mobile and landline call rates drastically during his tenure as Union IT and Communications minister. During his period the growth of Internet Subscribers including Broadband was higher.[1]
[edit]Controversy
- Maran has been accused of demanding the Tatas 33.33% shares from the Tata-Rupert Murdoch DTH project (Tata Sky) for the Sun Network. In reply, he has asked the news papers which have published the report to apologize and threatened to go to court seeking compensation of Rs. 1 crore for personality damage from Indian Express, Thina Mani and Jaya TV.
- In May 2007 the Tamil daily newspaper, Dinakaran, owned by his brother Kalanithi Maran, published a survey whose results declared that 70% of the people of Tamil Nadu favoured Karunanidhi's younger son M.K. Stalin as his likely successor as against 2% for Stalin's elder brother M.K. Azhagiri. This resulted in M.K.Azhagiri's supporters burning down the office of Dinakaran in the city of Madurai that resulted in the death of 3 employees and injuries to several others.
These series of events resulted in Karunanidhi removing Maran from his position as Union Minister. The Prime Minister refused to dismiss him, and the situation was not resolved till Maran himself resigned on 13 May.[2]
[edit]References
- ^ "Maran quits Cabinet after DMK rap". Ibn Live. 2007-05-13.
- ^ "Maran quits Cabinet after DMK rap". Hindustan Times. 2007-05-13.
[edit]External links
- www.dayanidhimaran.com
- Profile on NIC
- QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - VU2DMK
- National Institute of Amateur Radio
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by unknown | Minister of Textiles unknown | Incumbent |
M. K Alagiri
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
| M. K. Azhagiri | |
| Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers | |
| In office Incumbent | |
| Preceded by | Ram Vilas Paswan |
|---|---|
| Constituency | Madurai |
| Born | January 30, 1950 (age 60) Tamil Nadu |
| Political party | DMK |
| Spouse(s) | Kandhi Azhagiri |
| Children | Kayalvizhi (Vennila) Anjugachelvi Dayanidhi (Durai) |
| Residence | Madurai |
| As of June 13, 2009 | |
Muthuvel Karunanidhi Azhagiri (Tamil: முத்துவேல் கருணாநிதி அழகிரி), generally known as M. K. Alagiri, is an Indian politician and a Cabinet Minister. He is the second son of the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, M. Karunanidhi. His mother, Mrs. Dayaalu Ammal, is the second wife of M. Karunanidhi. His son is the film producer, Dayanidhi Azhagiri.
Although he harbored hopes of eventual accession to the post of President, Karunanidhi always appeared to prefer his younger son, M. K. Stalin, a former mayor of Chennai and currently the Deputy Chief minister of Tamil Nadu. In fact, in 2000, orders went out that party members should 'distance' themselves from Azhagiri.[1]
Following clashes between the supporters of M. K. Stalin and M. K. Alagiri, he was sent to manage the party in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu from Madurai, while M. K. Stalin was retained in Chennai to manage the party in the northern districts. M. K. Azhagiri, was acquitted along with 12 others on Thursday, by a sessions court of Chittor, Andrapradesh, in a case relating to the murder of a former DMK minister for want of reliable evidence.[citation needed]
The succession crisis came out into the open when party members loyal to Alagiri attacked theMadurai office of Dinakaran and set it to fire, in which three staffs were burnt. Dinakaran is a part of the Sun TV group owned by Kalanidhi Maran.[2] He is also accused of conspiring in the murder of the former DMK Minister, T. Kiruttinan. [3]
[edit]Parliament Election debut
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) high command has given a ticket for M. K. Alagiri to contest the Lok Sabha (Indian parliament) polls from the Madurai constituency. The post was given to him after he managed three by elections successfully. He was also appointed the DMK South Zone Organising Secretary. On winning the elections he was appointed to the Council of Ministers under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers.[4] Media reports claim that he is disappearing from parliament during Question hours, due to English/Hindi communication problem. In order to ease the situation, he gives out a pre-written reply in English, while his deputy takes supplementary questions.[5]
[edit]References
- ^ Tehelka - The People's Paper
- ^ DNA - India - Sun Network accuses Alagiri as being main culprit in Dinakaran attack! - Daily News & Analysis
- ^ "The Hindu : Magistrate extends judicial custody for Azhagiri". Hinduonnet.com. 2003-07-31. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ "Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India". http://india.gov.in. Government of India. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Appachi, Thangavel (2010-08-06). "BBC News - India cabinet minister breaks his parliamentary silence". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ram Vilas Paswan | Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers | Incumbent |
M. K. Kanimozhi
| Kanimozhi | |
| | |
| Constituency | Rajya Sabha |
|---|---|
| Born | 1 January 1968 (age 43) Chennai, India |
| Political party | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |
| Spouse(s) | Athiban Bose (1989-1997)[citation needed] G. Aravindan (1997-) |
| Children | 1 |
| Residence | Chennai, India |
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi (Tamil: கனிமொழி கருணாநிதி) (born 1968 in Chennai), is a Tamil poet, journalist and politician. She is a Member of Parliament, representing Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha.[1] Kanimozhi is the daughter of the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhiand his third wife Rajathi Ammal. She prefers to be known by the mononym Kanimozhi.[2]
She belongs to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and is the chief of the DMK's wing for Art, Literature and Rationalism, and is seen as her fathers "literary heir".[3] Her half-brothersM.K. Azhagiri and M. K. Stalin are the Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers and the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu respectively.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Personal life
Kanimozhi was a student of Presentation Convent, Church Park in Chennai and later did her Masters in Economics in Ethiraj College for Women from the Madras University.[3] She was married to Athiban Bose, a Businessman from Sivakasi in 1989. Later after her divorce she married G. Aravindan a Singapore based Tamil writer in 1997.[4]
A New York Times article was quoted as saying Kanimozhi had a "close relationship" with former telecommunications minister A. Raja.[5]
It is known through Nira Radia tapes that Raja is Kanimozhi's third husband and she has an illegal affair with him.
[edit]Career
Before her entry into politics, Kanimozhi was a involved in various instances of journalism, such as sub editor for The Hindu, editor in charge of Kungumam (a Tamil weekly magazine belonging to the Sun group), and a features editor for a Singapore based Tamil newspaper calledTamil Murasu.[3]
Kanimozhi has also written Tamil poetry, and translated other Tamil poetry into English. Her own literary works have been translated into various languages like English, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu.[3]
[edit]Politics
In July 2007, Kanimozhi was Elected to the Rajya Sabha of the Parliament of India. She functions as a member of the Committee on Health and Family Welfare, Committee on Rural Development, Committee on Empowerment of Women, Parliamentary Forum on Children Member, and the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[1]
[edit]Other Interests
Kanimozhi has been known to support Pan Tamil issues, and in particular, Sri Lankan Tamils.[6] Kanimozhi also takes part in organizing various women empowerment programs,[7] and is also interested in the welfare of differently-abled people and transgenders. In 2005, along with Karthi Chidambaram, she founded a portal supporting free speech.[8] In 2007, Kanimozhi conceived the idea of the Chennai Sangamam, an annual open Tamil cultural festival, usually held during the Pongal season.
- Job Fairs
She also spearheads[9] DMK efforts to organize Job Fairs, under the banner 'Kalaignar 85' across rural Tamil Nadu to facilitate employment opportunities for young people in smaller cities, towns and villages.[3] Begun as a small employment drive to mark the birthday of DMK President Kalaignar Karunanidhi in June 2008 at Kariyapatti (a village in Virudhunagar District) Job Fairs have provided jobs to about 70,000 unemployed youth spread across five districts. Places it has been held at include Nagercoil, Vellore, Udhagamandalam, Virudhunagar,Cuddalore, Tiruchirapalli and Tirunelveli. She plans to conduct similar job fairs all over Tamil Nadu.[10]
[edit]Literary works
- Sigarangalil Uraikiradhu Kaalam[11]
- Agathinai
- Paarvaigal
- Karukum Marudhaani
- Karuvarai Vaasanai
- Music album
Kanimozhi has worked on a production titled Silappadikaram based on a Tamil epic of the same name with Bombay Jayashri.[12]
[edit]Controversies
- Radia Tapes and the 2G Spectrum Scam
The Nira Radia tapes of 2010 show Kanimozhi allegedly lobbying for A. Raja (prime accused in the 2G spectrum scam, the largest political corruption case in modern Indian history) for his position in the Union Cabinet as Telecommunications and IT Minister.[13][14][15][16][17]
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ a b "Detailed Profile: Smt. Kanimozhi". Govt. of India. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Our name is our first identity. Why should we change it?
- ^ a b c d e "Kanimozhi: A poetess politician in trouble". Sify.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ "A Wedding In The Family", Rediff News, retrieved 2010-12-09
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia. "Unlikely Person at the Heart of India's Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
- ^ Kanimozhi the rising daughter in Tamil Nadu?
- ^ "Fight against injustice, Kanimozhi tells women". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Karuthu
- ^ V. Mallady, Shastry. "Private companies urged to participate in rural job fairs". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ DMK job fairs a big draw in rural areas
- ^ "Dravidian ideals will remain the central theme: Kanimozhi". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Classic in a new idiom
- ^ www.outlookindia.com | #6 Kanimozhi: May 22, 2009 10:45:06
- ^ www.outlookindia.com | #9 Kanimozhi: May 22, 2009 11:15:41
- ^ www.outlookindia.com | #13 Kanimozhi: May 22, 2009 14:46:15
- ^ www.outlookindia.com | #22 Kanimozhi: May 22, 2009 20:04:19
- ^ www.outlookindia.com | #27 Kanimozhi: May 23, 2009 09:59:02
M. K. Stalin
- In this Indian name, the name "Muthuvel Karunanidhi" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by thegiven name, "Stalin".
| M. K. Stalin மு.க. ஸ்டாலின் | |
 M. K. Stalin | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2009 | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2006 | |
| Constituency | Thousand Lights |
|---|---|
| Born | March 1, 1953 (age 57) Madras, Madras State, India |
| Political party | DMK |
| Spouse(s) | Durga alias Saantha |
| Children | Udhayanidhi Stalin Senthamarai Sabarish |
| Residence | Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Website | www.mkstalin.net |
Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin (Tamil: மு.க. ஸ்டாலின்) (born March 1, 1953) is an Indian politician and former actor, better known as M. K. Stalin. He is the third son of famous politician of Tamil Nadu, Karunanidhi, and was born to his second wife, Mrs. Dayalu Ammal and was named after Joseph Stalin, who had died in the same year as his birth. Stalin completed his graduation in history from Nandanam Arts College, Chennai in University of Madras.[1] Stalin became the Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration in the Government of Tamil Nadu after the 2006 assembly elections. On 29 May 2009, Stalin was nominated asDeputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu by Governor Surjit Singh Barnala.[2] His elder brother M.K. Azhagiri is the Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers. His half-sister Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha member.[3]
Stalin also serves as Treasurer and Youth Wing President of the DMK.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Political career
Stalin was born in Madras, now Chennai. His political career began when as a 14-year old, he campaigned in the 1967 elections. In 1973 Stalin was elected to the General committee of theDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).
He came to limelight when he was jailed under Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) for protesting against the Emergency.[4] Stalin has been elected four times to the Tamil Nadu Assembly since 1989 from the Thousand Lights constituency in Chennai. Stalin became the city's first directly elected Mayor in 1996.[5]
Stalin was reelected Mayor in 2001[6], however, the then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa enacted the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2002, a law that prevents a person from holding two elected posts in the government. This law was applied retrospectively to Stalin's case (he was elected MLA) in a move widely seen as aimed at removing as Chennai's Mayor.[7]However the Madras High Court struck down the law stating that legislative bodies were not "prevented" from making laws affecting the "substantive rights" of persons retrospectively. However, the court held under Madras (now Chennai) City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919, a person cannot be Mayor for two consecutive terms though unlike Stalin earlier mayor were not directly elected. Stalin did not appeal in the Supreme Court.[8]
Stalin has been arrested several times on various public issues since he was first arrested in 1975 under MISA, which is close to terrorism and goondas act. severe physical punishment has been imposed on him previously. Karunanidhi midnight arrest in which Karunanidhi, Stalin, Maran, and others were arrested and charged in the flyover scam. This was widely considered to be an act of political vendetta[9], as the FIR or police complaint was lodged on Friday night and the arrests were carried out only a few hours later on Saturday morning.[10] While the arrests took place in 2001, the chargesheet was only filed in court four years later, in 2005.[11]
In Tamil Nadu, Stalin played a crucial role in the campaigning and the eventual victory of the DMK-Allied-United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2009 general election.[12]
[edit]Dynasty controversy
Opponents of the DMK, some political observers and the DMK party's senior-most members criticise that Karunanidhi is trying to promote Stalin as an attempt to start a political dynasty along the lines of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Vaiko, who quit the DMK, has been the most vocal and some political observers see it as a move to sideline Vaiko as he was seen as threat to Stalin.
However, DMK sources and those who have watched the Political Upheaval of the 70s and 80s refute this and say Stalin has come up on his own merit. They point that Stalin has come up on his own has faced a lot of hardship since 1975 when he was jailed under MISA was beaten up in jail so brutally during the Emergency that fellow DMK Party prisoner died trying to save him.[13].
Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister but he was not inducted into the Cabinet. He contested and became Chennai's 44th mayor but the 1st directly elected Mayor in 1996. It was only in his 4th term as MLA has he been made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet and his rise is slow and steady. They further point out that Karunanidhi has even expelled his other sons M.K. Muthu and M.K. Azhagiri when they were guilty of wrong doing[14].
[edit]Film career
He has acted in a few Tamil movies during the 1980's. He has also acted in television serials on Sun TV during the mid-1990s.
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ India Today
- ^ Stalin named TN deputy CM
- ^ Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu
- ^ Daily Excelsior... Editorial
- ^ Towards Singara Chennai - Interview with the Mayor - www.chennaibest.com
- ^ rediff.com: Stalin re-elected mayor of Madras
- ^ Mayor's office slips out of Stalin's hand-Cities-The Times of India
- ^ The Telegraph - Calcutta: Nation
- ^ rediff.com: Karunanidhi, Stalin arrested
- ^ rediff.com: Personal agenda prevailed over rule of the law: Arun Jaitley
- ^ Chargesheet filed out of political vendatta: DMK - Sify.com
- ^ Stalin becomes deputy chief minister in Tamil Nadu It is said that he would be the next Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu as his fatherDr.M.Karunanidhi feels that he is more capable to handle problems than M.K.Alagiri.
- ^ Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin
- ^ Tehelka - The People's Paper
[edit]External links
M. Karunanidhi
| | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2009) |
| | This article contains weasel words, vague phrasing that often accompanies biased orunverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (August 2009) |
| M. Karunanidhi மு. கருணாநிதி | |
 M. Karunanidhi in Chief Minister's office | |
| Constituency | Chepauk |
|---|---|
| Born | June 3, 1924 (age 86) Thirukkuvalai, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Political party | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |
| Spouse(s) | Padmavathi (deceased) Dayalu Rajathi |
| Children | M. K. Muthu M. K. Azhagiri M. K. Stalin M. K. Tamilarasu M. K. Selvi M. K. Kanimozhi |
| Residence | Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Religion | Atheist[1] |
- In this Indian name, the name "Muthuvel" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Karunanidhi".
Muthuvel Karunanidhi (Tamil: மு. கருணாநிதி) (born June 3, 1924)[2] is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. He is the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK),[3] a Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He has been the leader of the DMK since the death of its founder, C. N. Annadurai, in 1969[4] and has served as chief minister five times (1969–71, 1971–76, 1989–91, 1996–2001 and 2006–present). He holds the record of winning his seat in every election in which he has participated in his political career spanning more than 60 years.[5] In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, he led the DMK-led DPA(UPA and Left Parties) in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry to win all 40 Lok Sabha seats. In the following 2009 Lok Sabha Elections, he was able to increase the number of seats for the DMK from 16 to 18 seats, and led the UPA in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, to win 28 seats, even with a significantly smaller coalition. He is also a playwright and screenwriter in Tamil cinema. He is called by his supporters as Kalaignar (Tamil: கலைஞர், "scholar of arts").[6]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Early life
M. Karunanidhi was born as Dakshinamurthy[7] in Thirukuvalai in Nagapattinam, British India,[8] on 3 June 1924 to Muthuvel and Anjugam.[2]He belongs to the Isai Vellalar community.[9]
[edit]Screenwriting
Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the Tamil film industry. Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. He was famous for writing historical and social (reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and rationalist ideals of theDravidian movement to which he belonged. He first began using Tamil cinema to propagate his political ideas through the movieParasakthi.[10] Parasakthi was a turning point in Tamil cinema, as it espoused the ideologies of the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom, Sivaji Ganesan and S. S. Rajendran.[11] The movie was initially banned but was eventually released in 1952.[11] It was a huge box office hit, but its release was marred with controversies. The movie was opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticized Brahmanism.[12] Two other movies written by Karunanidhi that contained such messages were Panam andThangarathnam.[10] These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage, abolition of untouchability, self-respect marriages, abolition of zamindari and abolition of religious hypocrisy.[11] As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned.[11]
[edit]Politics
[edit]Entry into politics
Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagiriswamii of the Justice Party, and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations. He founded an organisation for the local youth of his locality. He circulated a handwritten newspaper called Manavar Nesan to its members. Later he founded a student organisation called Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, which was the first student wing of the Dravidan Movement. Karunanidhi involved himself and the student community in social work with other members. Here he started a newspaper for its members, which grew intoMurasoli, the DMK party's official newspaper.
The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in an anti-Hindi protest in Kallakudi. This industrial town was then called asDalmiapuram after a cement mogul from North India. In the protest Karunanidhi and his companions erased the Hindi name from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Two people died in the protest and Karunanidhi was arrested.[13]
[edit]Rise to power
Karunanidhi was first elected to the Tamil Nadu assembly in 1957 from the Kulithalai assembly of Thiruchirapalli district. He became the DMK treasurer in 1961 and deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly in the year 1962 and when the DMK came to power in 1967, he became the minister for public works. When Annadurai expired in 1969, Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. He has held various positions in the party and government during his long career in Tamil Nadu political arena.
He took over as chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 13 May 2006 after his coalition defeated his main opponent J. Jayalalithaa in the May 2006 elections.[14] He currently represents the constituency ofChepauk in Central Chennai in the Tamil Nadu state Legislative Assembly. He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 11 times and once to the now abolished Tamil Nadu Legislative Council.[15]
[edit]Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)
| Year | Elected/Reelected | Place |
|---|---|---|
| 1957 | Elected | Kulithalai |
| 1962 | Elected | Thanjavur |
| 1967 | Elected | Saidapet |
| 1971 | Reelected | Saidapet |
| 1977 | Elected | Anna Nagar |
| 1980 | Reelected | Anna Nagar |
| 1989 | Elected | Harbour |
| 1991 | Reelected | Harbour |
| 1996 | Elected | Chepauk |
| 2001 | Reelected | Chepauk |
| 2006 | Reelected | Chepauk |
[edit]Posts in Legislature
| From year | To year | Post |
|---|---|---|
| 1962 | 1967 | Deputy Leader of the Opposition |
| 1967 | 1969 | Cabinet Minister for Public Works |
| 1977 | 1980 | Leader of the Opposition |
| 1980 | 1983 | Leader of the Opposition |
| 1984 | Onwards | Elected to Legislative Council |
[edit]Chief Minister
| From Year | To Year | Election |
|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 1971 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1967 |
| 1971 | 1976 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1971 |
| 1989 | 1991 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1989 |
| 1996 | 2001 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1996 |
| 2006 | Present | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 2006 |
[edit]Literature
Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to Tamil literature. His contributions cover a wide range: poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historic novels, stageplays, dialogues, songs, etc. He has written Kuraloviam for Thirukural, Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many poems, essays and books.
Apart from literature, Karunanidhi has also contributed to the Tamil language through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural, through the construction of Valluvar Kottam he gave an architectural presence to Thiruvalluvar, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. At Kanniyakumari, Karunanidhi has constructed a 133-foot-high statue of Thiruvalluvar, which portrays his feelings about the scholar.
[edit]Books
Books Karunanidhi has written include: Romapuri Pandian, Thenpandi Singam, Vellikizhamai, Nenjukku Needhi, Iniyavai Irubathu, Sanga Thamizh, Kuraloviam, Ponnar Sankar, and Thirukkural Urai. His books of prose and poetry number more than 100.
[edit]Stageplays
Karunanidhi's plays include: Manimagudam, Ore Ratham, Palaniappan, Thooku Medai, Kagithapoo, Naane Arivali, Vellikizhamai,Udhayasooriyan and Silappathikaram.
[edit]Screenplays
At the age of 20, Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first film, Rajakumaari, gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed. He wrote 75 screenplays including: Rajakumaari, Abimanyu, Manthiri Kumari, Marutha Naattu Ilavarasi, Manamagan, Devaki, Parasakthi, Panam, Thirumbipaar, Naam, Manohara, Ammaiappan, Malai Kallan, Rangoon Radha,Raja Rani, Puthaiyal, Pudhumai Pithan, Ellorum Innattu Mannar, Kuravanchi, Thayillapillai, Kanchi Thalaivan, Poompuhar, Poomalai, Mani Makudam, Marakka Mudiyuma?, Avan Pithana?, Pookkari, Needhikku Thandanai, Paalaivana Rojakkal, Pasa Paravaikal, Padadha Theneekkal, Niyaya Tharasu, Pasakiligal, Kannamma, Uliyin Osai, Pen Singam and Illagan.
[edit]Editor and publisher
He started Murasoli on 10 August 1942. He was the founding editor and publisher of Murasoli during his boyhood as a monthly, then a weekly, and now a daily. He used his talents as a journalist and cartoonist to bring issues relevant to his political ideology before the public. He writes daily letters addressed to his party workers by name; he has been writing these for over 50 years. In addition he has served as editor for Kudiyarasu and gave life to the journal Mutharam. He is the founder of State Governments News Reel, Arasu Studio and also the Government Journal Tamil Arasu, published in Tamil and English.
[edit]World Tamil Conference
He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in the year 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in the year 1987.
He penned the song "Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam", the official theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, that was set to tune by A. R. Rahman, at his own request.
[edit]Awards and titles
- He is sometimes affectionately referred to as Kalaignar and Muthamizh Kavignar.[citation needed]
- Annamalai University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971.[citation needed]
- He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil University, Thanjavur for his book "Thenpandi Singam".[citation needed]
- On 15 December 2006, His Excellency, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Thiru Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation.[16]
- In June 2007,[17][18][19] the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title 'Friend of the Muslim Community' ('Yaaran-E-Millath') upon M. Karunanidhi.
[edit]Controversies
He has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam project.[20] Indra Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government based on charges of possible secession and corruption.[21] In 2001 Karunanidhi, former chief secretary, K.A. Nambiar, and a host of others were arrested on charges of corruption in the construction of flyovers in Chennai.[22] He and his party members where also charged under Sections 120(b) (criminal conspiracy), 167 (public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury), 420 (cheating) and 409 (criminal breach of trust) of the IPC, and Section 13 (2) read with 13 (1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, but no prima facie evidence was found against him and his son M K Stalin.[23]
[edit]Ram Setu remarks
In response to Sethusamudram controversy, Karunanidhi questioned the existence of the Hindu God Rama. He asked:
Some say there was a person over 17 lakh years ago. His name was Rama. Do not touch the bridge (Ramar Sethu) constructed by him. Who is this Rama? From which engineering college did he graduate? Is there any proof for this?[24]
His remarks caused a firestorm of controversy. BJP leader Ravi Shankar Prasad accused Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against religious head of any other religion; chance are he may not."[25]
Nationalist Congress Party spokesman D. P. Tripathi said, "Where is the need of asking for evidence on the existence of Ram when lots of people have unreserved faith in him?"[26]
In response to these statements, Karunanidhi defiantly stated, "Anyway, neither Valmiki nor Ram is here now [to vouch for claims of Ram's existence]. There is only a group that thinks of people as fools. They will be proved wrong."[26]
Several days later, he commented:
I have not said anything more than Valmiki, who authored Ramayana. Valmiki had even stated that Rama was a drunkard. Have I said so? [27]
[edit]Connections with LTTE
The interim report of Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[28] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.[29]
In April 2009, Karunanidhi made a controversial remark that "Prabhakaran is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi".[30]
[edit]Allegations of nepotism
Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotismand start a political dynasty along the lines of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Vaiko, who quit the DMK, has been the most vocal. Political observers say that Vaiko was sidelined as he was seen as a threat to M.K. Stalin and other family members.
His nephew, the late Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister; however, it has been pointed out that he was in politics long before Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister in 1969. He was arrested several times, including in the Anti-Hindi agitations in 1965. He was asked to contest the by-election for South Madras in 1967 and the nomination papers were signed by Rajaji, Annadurai and Mohammed Ismail (Quaid-e-Millath), demonstrating that his political career was not built entirely on his relation to Karunanidhi.[31]
Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own. He has faced a lot of hardship since 1975, when he was jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and was beaten up in jail so brutally during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him.[32] Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister, but he was not inducted into the Cabinet. He became Chennai's 44th mayor and its first directly elected mayor in 1996. It was only in his fourth term as MLA that he was made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet.
Karunanidhi has been accused of helping Murasoli Maran's son Kalanidhi Maran, who runs Sun Network, India's second largest television network. According to Forbes, Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.[33] Again commentators say that he raised himself into the position on his own merit and even Karunanidhi's sons have achieved nothing compared to him which has been a cause of friction between them. His channels have been the mouth organ of the DMK party (until recent time) and balanced the Jaya TV of the AIADMK.
Another son of Maran's, Dayanidhi Maran, is a former Union Minister for Communications and IT portfolio, not broadcasting ministry, which is responsible for TV networks. Dayanidhi Maran was withdrawn from the IT and Communications portfolio at Center (he was a Union Minister for IT and Communications) because Dinakaran (a newspaper run by the Maran brothers) had shown the result of a public poll which read Dayanidhi Maran as the successor to Karunanidhi. This created a bloody violence in the Madurai branch of Dinakaran office (carried out by M. K. Azhagiri), causing the death of three employees. This was again seen as a result of the dynasty controversy in Karunanidhi's family.
It has been pointed out that Karunanidhi has hesitated to take action against his erring family members, though he has expelled his other sons M.K. Muthu and M.K. Azhagiri when they were guilty of wrong doing[34] and similarly removed Dayanidhi Maran from the position of Union Minister (because of the reason stated in the previous paragraph).
Of late, he has been accused of not taking action against M.K. Azhagiri after his supporters attacked the newspaper office of Dinakaran, killing three people (as stated above). M.K. Azhagiri is the prime accused in the murder case of the former DMK Minister Kiruttinan. Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.[35] The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sessions court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.[36] So far, the case has not been appealed in a higher court to identify and punish the perpetrators of the crime.
His daughter Kanimozhi has been nominated for a Rajya Sabha post.
[edit]Personal life
He is a non-vegetarian now turned vegetarian.[37] He has claimed that the secret of his energy and success lies in the daily practice of yoga.[38] He married three times; his wives are Padmavathy, Dayalu Ammal and Rajathiammal.[39][40][41]
His sons are M. K. Muthu, M. K. Azhagiri, M. K. Stalin, and M. K. Tamilarasu. His daughters are Selvi and Kanimozhi. Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha MP. Padmavathy, who died early, bore M. K. Muthu, his eldest son. Azhagiri, Stalin, Selvi and Tamilarasu were born to Dayaluammal, while Kanimozhi is the only daughter from his third wife, Rajathiammal.[citation needed]
[edit]Cabinet
[edit]Karunanidhi's Cabinet (May 13, 2006–present)
- M. Karunanidhi: Chief Minister, Minister of Public Works Department , Home, General Administration, Civil Services, Police, Minority Welfare, Prohibition and State Excise, Tamil Official Languages and Tamil Cultural.[42]
- K. Anbazhagan: Minister for Finance[42]
- Arcot N. Veeraswami: Minister for Electricity[42]
- M. K. Stalin: Deputy Chief Minister, Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration[42]
- Ko. Si. Mani: Minister for Cooperation, Statistics and Ex-Servicemen[42]
- Veerapandi S. Arumugam: Minister for Agriculture[42]
- Durai Murugan: Minister for Law[42]
- Ponmudi: Minister for Higher Education[42]
- K. N. Nehru: Minister for Transport[42]
- M. R. K. Paneerselvam: Minister for Health[42]
- Pongalur N. Palanisamy: Minister for Rural Industries and Animal Husbandry[42]
- I. Periasami: Minister for Revenue and Housing[42]
- N. Suresh Rajan: Minister for Tourism and Registration[42]
- Parithi Ilamvazhuthi: Minister for Information[42]
- E. V. Velu: Minister for Food[42]
- Suba Thangavelan: Minister for Slum Clearance and Accommodation[42]
- K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran: Minister for Backward Classes[42]
- T. M. Anbarasan: Minister for Labour[42]
- K. R. Periyakaruppan: Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments[42]
- Thangam Thennarasu: Minister for School Education[42]
- S. N. M. Ubayadullah: Minister for Commercial Taxes[42]
- T. P. M. Mohideen Khan: Minister for Environment[42]
- N. Selvaraj: Minister for Forests[42]
- Vellakoil Saminathan: Minister for Highways[42]
- Poongothai Aladi Aruna: Minister for Information technology and Communications [42]
- Geetha Jeevan: Minister for Social Welfare[42]
- Tamilarasi: Minister for Adi-Dravidar Welfare[42]
- K. P. P. Samy: Minister for Fisheries[42]
- U. Mathivanan: Minister for Dairy Development[42]
- K. Ramachandran: Minister for Khadi[42]
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ Karunanidhi shares dais with Sai Baba
- ^ a b "Karunanidhi's Kutumbam". The Indian Express.
- ^ DMK's Official Homepage-Chennai-Tamilnadu-India 800x600 screen resolution
- ^ "Biography in official party website".
- ^ "Karunanidhi wins for record 11th time" - Sify.com
- ^ Kalaignar survives 4 challenging years, THE ECONOMIC TIMES 14 May, 2010 ET
- ^ With Them / Against Them: The DMK's bitter battles with the state BJP continue, so how long can they hang on at the Centre?Outlook India
- ^ "Karunanidhi's been nice, but his village not blind to Amma option". The Indian Express.
- ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?234692
- ^ a b Guneratne, Anthony R.; Wimal Dissanayake, Sumita S. Chakravarty (2003). Rethinking Third Cinema. Routledge. pp. 216. ISBN 0415213541.
- ^ a b c d Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L (March 1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey (JSTOR)13 (3): 288–305.
- ^ A. Srivathsan (June 12, 2006). "Films and the politics of convenience". Chennai, India: idlebrain.com. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. University of California Press. pp. 226. ISBN 0-520-20805-6 ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
- ^ rediff.com: asdadadaadav fsafsdfs fasfsf: The Sachin of TN politics
- ^ NDTV.com: Latest News, e-Bulletins, Stocks, Bollywood, Cricket, Video, Blogs, RSS from India
- ^ http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/pr151206/pr151206d.htm
- ^ United News of India (3 June 2007). "TMMK to confer Karunanidhi with 'Friend of the Community' title". newkerala.com. "Chennai, June 3: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK President M Karunanidhi, who turned 84 today, will be conferred with the 'Friend of the Muslim Community' title by the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi."
- ^ United News of India (3 June 2007). "MK awarded 'Friend of the Community' title". oneindia.in.
- ^ United News of India (4 June 2007). "Karunanidhi turns 84".news.webindia123.com. "The Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi has decided to confer 'Yaaraan-E-Millath (meaning friend of the Muslim community) title on Mr Karunanidhi to mark the occasion."
- ^ The Hindu : What the Sarkaria Commission said
- ^ Rama Sethu & Karunanidhi
- ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150280.htm
- ^ Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop -- Jailed on corruption charges
- ^ Which engineering college did Rama study, asks Karuna New Ind Press - September 18, 2007
- ^ Karuna earns BJP's wrath for comments on Lord Ram Rediff - September 17, 2007
- ^ a b DMK chief rubbishes Ram again The Pioneer - September 20, 2007
- ^ As per Valmiki, Rama was a drunkard: KarunanidhiAndhraNews.net
- ^ India Today Cover Story [Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK]
- ^ "No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report". The Hindu (Chennai, India). February 14, 2004.
- ^ Karunanidhi flip flops, says can't forgive LTTE
- ^ Maran – the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi
- ^ Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin
- ^ "The World's Billionaires Page 11 of 41". Forbes. March 10, 2010.
- ^ Tehelka - The People's Paper
- ^ "Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case". The Hindu (Chennai, India). August 19, 2003.
- ^ The Hindu : All acquitted in Dinakaran case
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Yoga keeps me going, says Karunanidhi". The Hindu(Chennai, India). October 1, 2005.
- ^ In South India, more the merrier - The Times of India 2 May 2006
- ^ Rama, Ravana battle again in TN - Rediff
- ^ "In South India, more the merrier". The Times Of India. May 2, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Council of Ministers". Government of Tamil Nadu.
[edit]External links
| Preceded by C. N. Annadurai | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu First Term (1969-1971) Second Term (1971-1976) 1969-1976 | Succeeded by M. G. Ramachandran |
| Preceded by Janaki Ramachandran | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Third Term 1989-1991 | Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa |
| Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Fourth Term 1996-2001 | Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa |
| Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Fifth Term 2006- | Succeeded by Incumbent |
| |||||||||||
Tamil cinema
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (December 2010) |
| South Asian cinema |
Tamil cinema (Tamil: தமிழ் சினிமா, also referred to as the cinema of Tamil Nadu, the Tamil film industry, or Chennai film industry) is the Tamil language filmmaking industry, based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is based in Chennai Kodambakkam area, where Tamil language feature films are produced, which has led to a reference to the district and industry as Kollywood (Tamil: கோலிவுட் kōlivūṭ), a portmanteau of the words Kodambakkam and Hollywood. Tamil cinema is known for being India's second largest film industry afterHindi cinema in terms of revenue and worldwide distribution.[1][2]
Silent movies were produced in Chennai since 1916 and the era of talkies dawned in 1931 with the film Kalidas. By the end of the 1930s, the State of Madras legislature passed the Entertainment Tax Act 1939. Tamil Nadu cinema has had a profound effect on the film making industries of India, with Chennai becoming a hub for the filmmaking industries of other languages, including Telugu cinema, Malayalam cinema, Kannada cinema, Hindi cinema, Sinhalese cinema and Sri Lankan Tamil cinema in the 1900s, which makes it a legal claim to be the real Indian film capital, ahead of Mumbai.[3] Tamil–language films are further made in other countries. Today, Tamil films are distributed to various overseas theatres in South East Asia and North America, including Japanand South Korea; as well as Southern Africa, Western Europe, and other significant Tamil diaspora regions.
Film studios are bound by legislation such as the Cinematograph Film Rules 1948, Cinematograph Act 1952and Copyright Act 1957, et al.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]History
A visiting European exhibitor first screened (date unknown) a selection of silent short films at theVictoria Public Hall in Madras. The films all featured non-fictional subjects; they were mostly photographed records of day-to-day events..
[edit]Early exhibitors
In Madras (now known as Chennai), the Electric Theatre was established for the screening of silent films. It was a favourite haunt of the British community in Madras. The theatre was shut down after a few years. This building is now part of a post office complex on Anna Salai (Mount Road). The Lyric Theatre was also built in the Mount Road area. This venue boasted a variety of events, including playsin English, Western classical music concerts, and ballroom dances. Silent films were also screened as an additional attraction. Samikannu Vincent, an employee of the South Indian Railways in Trichy, purchased a film projector and silent films from the Frenchman Du Pont and set up a business as film exhibitor. He erected tents for screening films. His tent cinema became popular and he travelled all over the state with his mobile unit. In later years, he produced talkies and also built a cinema in Coimbatore.
To celebrate the event of King George V's visit in 1909, a grand exhibition was organised in Madras. Its major attraction was the screening of short films accompanied by sound. A British company imported a Crone megaphone, made up of a film projector to which a gramophone with a disc containing prerecorded sound was linked, and both were run in unison, producing picture and sound simultaneously. However, there was no synched dialogue. Raghupathy Venkiah Naidu, a successful photographer, took over the equipment after the exhibition and set up a tent cinema near the Madras High Court. R. Venkiah, flush with funds, built in 1912 a permanent cinema in the Mount Road area namedGaiety Theatre. It was the first in Madras to screen films on a full-time basis. This theatre is still functioning, although under different ownership.
In tent cinemas, there were usually three classes of tickets: the floor, bench and, chair. The floor-ticket purchaser sat on sand to watch the movie, but he enjoyed certain advantages that other patrons did not. He could sit as he pleased, or he could turn over and take a short nap when the narrative was particularly dull and roll back again when the action was again to his liking—luxuries in which the upper class could never indulge.
[edit]Film studios
The year 1916 marked the birth of Tamil cinema with the first Madras production and South Indian film release Keechaka Vaadham (The Destruction of Keechaka).[4] During the 1920s, silent Tamil-language movies were shot at makeshift locations in and around Chennai, and for technical processing, they were sent to Pune or Calcutta. Later some movies featuring M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar were shot in Pune and Calcutta. In the 1930s AVM set up its makeshift studio in the town of Karaikudi, and during the same decade, full-fledged Movie studios were built in Salem (Modern Theatres Studio) and Coimbatore (Central Studios, Neptune, and Pakshiraja). By the mid 1940s, Chennai became the hub of Studio activity with two more movie Studios built in Chennai, Vijaya Vauhini Studios and Gemini Studios. Later, AVM Studios shifted its operations to Chennai. Thus, with the undivided Madras Presidency being the Capital to most of South India, Chennai became the center for Tamil- and Telugu-language movies. Also, most of the pre-independence era drama and stage actors joined the movie industry from the 1940s, and Chennai became the hub for South Indian–language film production and Sri Lankan cinema before independence.
[edit]Film making process
Once the producer has made the necessary arrangements for the finance of the movie, the production can start. The extras and the dance troupes are generally paid on a daily basis. The cameramen, technicians and other members of the film crew operate on contractual basis. The star cast of the movie generally accepts a staggered payment schedule basis spread over the course of the completion of the movie.[5]
After the production is complete, which might also include outstation shooting, the film is edited and dubbed. Editing and dubbing require specialized skills and equipment which are available on a restricted scale in India. After the film is edited and dubbed, it is submitted to the Central Board of Film Certifications (CBFC) for certification. The members of the CBFC, after a series of private screenings, may suggest alterations in the film. Upon such alterations being carried out, the film is ready for release.
The timing of the release of a film is normally determined after considering factors such as festivals, examinations, cricket matches, etc. The release of a film is also generally timed to avoid confrontation with any other film from a rival banner.
[edit]Film music
Ilaiyaraaja and A. R. Rahman are music directors from the Chennai film industry and have an international following.[6][7] Other prominent Tamil film score and soundtrack composers in the industry include Yuvan Shankar Raja, Deva, Harris Jayaraj, Karthik Raja and Vidyasagar. Several international composers have used Chennai's studios to record music for projects, as have composers from other film industries. S. Rajeswara Rao was based in Chennai from the 1940s. During the 1950s and the 60s film composer M. S. Viswanathan was popular, with interest in Tamil film songs being re-ignited with the audio revolution.[8]
[edit]Politics
The Tamil film industry has a long intertwining link with politics, dating from the earliest days of regional cinema, where stories, themes and characters derived from Tamil traditional folk ballads have inspired screenplays and have become vehicles for creating future politicians.[9] The first non congress Chief Minister C. N. Annadurai and the current Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi were directors and script writers. M. G. Ramachandran, who was a commercial film actor, had served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for more than a decade. The current opposition leader J. Jayalalithaa was also an actress. Current members of legislative assembly (MLA) of Tamil Nadu includes actorsVijayakanth, Sarath Kumar and S. V. Shekhar.
[edit]Filming Locations
The Tamil films are filmed majorly in the metros of Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli. Other filming destinations includeTirunelveli,Tuticorin,Pollachi,palani, and Gobichettipalayam.
[edit]Distribution and popularity
Tamil films constitute India's most popular films along with Hindi films.[10] They have one of the widest overseas distribution, with large audience turnout from the Tamil diaspora alongside Hindi films. The Chennai film industry produced the first nationally distributed film across India in 1948 with Chandralekha.
Tamil films have enjoyed consistent popularity among populations in South East Asia. Since Chandralekha, Muthu was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as Mutu: Odoru Maharaja[11]) and grossed a record $1.6 million in 1998.[12] In 2010, Enthiran grossed a record $4 million in North America.
Ayngaran International and BIG Cinemas have emerged as the top distributors for Tamil films in the UK and US markets respectively. Within India, Aascar Films, Pyramid Saimira, AGS Entertainment, et al handle distribution chain. Dasavathaaram, was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in Canada.
Many Tamil-language films have premiered or have been selected as special presentations at various prestigious film festivals across the world, such as Mani Ratnam's Kannathil Muthamittal, Veyyil and Ameer Sultan's Paruthiveeran. More recently, Kanchivaram, directed byPriyadarshan, was selected to be premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. Films like Thevar Magan, Indian and Jeans had been selected by India for Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards. Mani Ratnam's Nayagan (1987) was included in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies list.[13]
Tamil films enjoy significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states like Kerala, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh,Maharastra,Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh they are generally dubbed into Telugu. Many successful Tamil films have been remade by the Hindi and Telugu film industries. It is estimated by the Manorama Yearbook 2000 (a popular almanac) that over 5,000 Tamil films were produced in the 20th century. Tamil films have also been dubbed into other languages, thus reaching a much wider audience.
Tamil language films are produced in other cinema hubs. The film My Magic directed by Singaporean Eric Khoo became Singapore's first film to be nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes. There has been a growing presence of English in dialogue and songs in Chennai films. It is not uncommon to see movies that feature dialogue studded with English words and phrases, or even whole sentences. Some movies are also simultaneously made in two or three languages (either using subtitles or several soundtracks). Chennai's film composers have popularised their highly unique, syncretic style of film music across the world. Quite often, Tamil movies feature Madras Tamil, a colloquial version of Tamil spoken in Chennai.
[edit]Actors
- Tamil cinema was dominated by P. U. Chinnappa and M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar during the 1940s.[14][15]
- From the 1950s through the 1970s, the industry was dominated by M. G. Ramachandran and Sivaji Ganesan.[16]
- The '80s saw Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Vijayakanth and Mohan take hold of the box office. Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan managed to maintain this for over three decades, while Vijayakanth stayed in race till the early 2000's, despite the introduction of new technologies and business models.
- The '90s saw a new generation of actors such as Ajith Kumar, Joseph Vijay and towards the end of the millenium and the late 90s saw the rise of two versatile actors in the form of Surya Sivakumar, and Vikram Kennedy.
- Post the year 2000, actors such as Silambarasan, Arya, Karthi, Dhanush, Jayam Ravi, Vishal and Jeeva have seen rises in popularity.
[edit]Union associations
The industry includes several groups who organize their own events based on different issues of major concern. Rather than forming separate and distinct groups, each association occasionally collaborate for certain events. These associations are based on profession in the industry, such as a directors' association or producers' association.
The most notable association is the South Indian Film Artistes' Association which is a group of all prominent Tamil film actors. Formed in 1952 under the leadership of actor Sivaji Ganesan[citation needed], the association has continued to conduct several protests and hunger strikes for certain political and humanitarian issues, in efforts to make positive changes in the Indian and Tamil society. Specifically, they govern film or media-related problems or conflicts that may arise to its members. The current president of the association is the actor-turned-politician R. Sarath Kumar.
Other associations include the Association of Tamil Film Directors which is headed by director Bharathiraja and the Tamil Film Producers' Council, headed by film producer Rama Narayanan, who often meet to make cinema-related decisions. A more general association that incorporates all kinds of film personalities (actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, composers, etc.) include the well known Film Employees' Federation of South India (FEFSI). They often successfully pledge for the welfare of low-income film workers, such as lighting technicians and stunt coordinators.
[edit]Business model
There are 3 major roles in the Tamil film value chain viz producer, distributor and exhibitor.[17]
[edit]Distribution business model
The distributor purchases theatrical distribution rights from the producer for exhibiting the film in a defined territory. The distributor performs enhanced functions such as:
- part-financing of film (in case of minimum guarantee / advance based purchase of film rights)
- localised marketing of film
- selection of exhibition halls
- managing the logistics of physical print distribution
There are three popular approaches to transfer of distribution rights via distribution contracts:
- Minimum Guarantee + Royalty - Here, the producer sells the distribution rights for a defined territory for a minimum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Any surplus is shared between the producer and distributor, in a pre-set ratio (typically 1:2) after deducting entertainment tax, show rentals, commission, print costs and publicity costs. Effectively, the distributor becomes a "financier" in the eyes of the market. This is the most common channel available to high budget producers.
- Commission - Here, the distributor pays the producer the entire box office collection after deducting commission. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the producer. This is the most common channel available to low budget producers.
- Outright Sale - Here, the producer sells all distribution and theatrical rights for a defined territory exclusively to a distributor. Effectively, the distributor becomes a "producer" in the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the distributor.
[edit]Exhibition business model
There are four popular approaches to transfer of exhibition rights via exhibition contracts:
- Theatre Hire - Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor the entire box office collection after deducting entertainment tax and show rentals. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the distributor. This is the most common channel for low budget films, casting rank newcomers, with unproven track record.
- Fixed Hire - Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a maximum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Rental is not chargeable per show. Any surplus after deducting entertainment tax is retained by the exhibitor. Effectively, the exhibitor becomes a "producer" in the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the exhibitor. This is the most common channel for high budget films, casting established front-runners, with proven track record.
- Minimum Guarantee + Royalty - Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a minimum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Any surplus after deducting entertainment tax and show rental is shared in a pre-set ratio (typically 2:1) between the exhibitor and distributor. But risk of deficit remains with the exhibitor. This is the most common channel preferred by single screens.
- Revenue Share - Here, the exhibitor shares with the distributor, in a pre-set ratio (typically 1:2), the entire box office collection of the film after deducting entertainment tax. Rental is not chargeable per show. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film is shared between the exhibitor and distributor. This is the most common channel preferred by multiplex screens.
[edit]Industrial trends
Average annual film output in Tamil film industry peaked in 1985.
Given below is a chart of trend of box office collections of cinemas in Tamil Nadu with figures in millions of United States Dollars. The data excludes the market segments of in-film advertisement,celebrity branding, mobile entertainment, stage, DVD and other intellectual property rights.
The Tamil film market accounts for approximately 0.1% of the gross domestic product of the state of Tamil Nadu. In the year 2007 a record 108 movies were released.[18] For the purpose of entertainment taxes, returns have to be filed by the exhibitors weekly (usually each Tuesday).[19]Costs of production have grown exponentially from just under 
40 lakhs in 1980 to over 11 crores by 2005 for a typical star-studded big-budget film. Similarly, costs of processing per print have risen from just under 2,500 in 1980 to nearly 70,000 by 2005.[citation needed]
The Tamil Nadu government has made provisions for an entertainment tax exemption for Tamil movies having pure Tamil word(s) in the title. This is in accordance with Government Order 72 passed on July 22, 2006. The first film to be released after the new Order was Unakkum Enakkum. The original title had been Something Something Unakkum Ennakkum, a half-English and a half-Tamil title.
[edit]Domestic exhibitors
There are about 1800 cinema-halls located in Tamil Nadu.[20]
[edit]See also
- Cinema of the world
- List of Tamil-language films
- List of highest-grossing Tamil-language films
- List of Tamil actors
- Cinema of India
- Filmfare Awards South
- Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
- International Tamil Film Awards
- Cinema of Sri Lanka
- World Fastest Movie
[edit]References
- ^ http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/prime-focus-expands-india-operations-_275679.html
- ^ Sreedhar Pillai, TNN, Oct 4, 2010 TOI, Crucial time for Tamil Cinema
- ^ Indian Cinema: The World's Biggest And Most Diverse Film Industry (page 5) Written by Roy Stafford
- ^ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). "'India' in Tamil silent era cinema". Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Routledge. pp. 156. ISBN 9780415396806.
- ^ Payroll system in Tamil cinema industry
- ^ Kasbekar, Asha (2006). Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. pp. 215. ISBN 9781851096367. "Songs play as important a part in South Indian films and some South Indian music directors such as A. R. Rahman and Ilaiyaraja have an enthusiastic national and even international following"
- ^ Arnold, Alison (2000). "Film music in the late Twentieth century". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Taylor & Francis. pp. 540.ISBN 9780824049461. "The recent success of the Tamil film music director A. R. Rahman in achieving widespread popularity in the world of Hindi film music is now possibly opening doors to new South-North relationships and collaborations"
- ^ Arnold, Alison (2000). "Pop Music and Audio-Cassette Technology: Southern Area - Film music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780824049461. "The popularity of classic Tamil film songs from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s have been revived through cassettes, making the villages popular-music time capsules. Such songs usually foreground a playback singer's voice against a backdrop of light Carnatic instrumentation including harmonium, vina, tabla and miridangam. In Tamil Nadu, the most popular old film songs are from films featuring the actor turned politician M. G. Ramachandran"
- ^ Abram, David; Nick Edwards, Mike Ford, Devdan Sen, Beth Wooldridge (2003). "Of movie stars and ministers". South India. Rough Guides. pp. 422. ISBN 9781843531036. "One notable difference between the Chennai movie industry and its counterpart in Mumbai is the influence of politics on Tamil films - an overlap that dates from the earliest days of regional cinema, when stories, stock themes and characters were derived from traditional folk ballads about low caste heroes vanquishing high caste villains"
- ^ Singh, Sarina (2003). "Film Studios". India. Lonely Planet. pp. 964. ISBN 9781740594219. "Chennai's film industry now rivals that of Bollywood (Mumbai) for output"
- ^ Mutu: Odoru Maharaja
- ^ Gautaman Bhaskaran (January 6, 2002). "Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
- ^ Nayakan, All-Time 100 Best Films, Time Magazine, 2005
- ^ http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/legends/puc.asp
- ^ http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/m.k.-thyagaraja-bhagavathar/biography/16695
- ^ http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=536
- ^ Business model of Indian films (page 40)
- ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850050100.htm Superstars dominate
- ^ http://www.tnsalestax.com/briefent.htm
- ^ A boon to film-buffs.
[edit]Further reading
- Arnold, Alison (2000). "Pop Music and Audio-Cassette Technology: Southern Area - Film music". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780824049461.
- Bhaskaran, Theodore, Sundararaj (1996). Eye of The Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema. Chennai / University of Michigan: East West Books.
- Gokulsing, K.; Moti Gokulsing, Wimal (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books. pp. 132.ISBN 1858563291.
- Shohini Chaudhuri (2005). Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 149. ISBN 074861799X.
- Chinniah, Sathiavathi (2001). Tamil Movies Abroad: Singapore South Indian Youths and their Response to Tamil Cinema. 8. Kolam.
- Guy, Randor (1997). Starlight, Starbright : The Early Tamil Cinema. Chennai. OCLC 52794531.
- Hughes, Stephen P. (February 24–25, 2005). "Tamil Cinema as Sonic Regime: Cinema Sound, Film Songs and the Making of a Mass Culture of Music". New Perspectives on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century. Keynote address: South Asia Conference at the University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois.
- Kasbekar, Asha (2006). Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096367.
- Ravindran, Gopalan (March 17–18, 2006). "Negotiating identities in the Diasporic Space: Transnational Tamil Cinema and Malaysian Indians". Cultural Space and Public Sphere in Asia, 2006. Seoul, Korea: Korea Broadcasting Institute, Seoul.
- Nakassis, Constantine V.; Dean, Melanie A. (2007). "Desire, Youth, and Realism in Tamil Cinema". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology17: 77–104. doi:10.1525.
- Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Routledge. ISBN 9780415396806.
- Tamil Movies' Plot Summaries by rAjOo on IMDB
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J. Jayalalithaa
| | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
| Jayalalithaa Jayaram | |
|---|---|
 Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu | |
| Born | 24 February 1948 (age 62) Melukote, Karnataka, India |
| Residence | Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Occupation | Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Current Opposition Leader, Govt. of Tamil Nadu |
| Website | |
| http://www.jayalalithaa.org/ | |
- In this Indian name, the name "Jayaram" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Jayalalitha".
Jayalalithaa Jayaram (Tamil: ஜெயலலிதா ஜெயராம்) (born 24 February 1948), commonly referred to as J. Jayalalitha, is the former Chief Minister and current leader of the opposition of the Government of Tamil Nadu, India. She is the incumbent General Secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), a Dravidian party in the state. She is called Amma(English: Mother) by her supporters and Puratchi Thalaivi (English: Revolutionary Leader) by her followers.[1] She was a popular film star in Tamil and Telugu cinema before entering politics.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Early life
Articles related to |
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Varied topics[show] |
She was born Komalavalli in Melukote in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district, Karnataka,[2] in a Tamil Iyengar family, native of Srirangam, Trichy.[3] She was initially educated at the Bishop Cotton Girls' High School in Bangalore[4] but later moved to Madras State (now Tamil Nadu) along with her mother Sandhya, who ventured as an actress into Tamil cinema.[3] She was then schooled at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent) in Chennai (then, Madras).[3] She excelled in academics and has claimed that she was offered a scholarship for higher studies from the Government of India[4] but with guidance from her mother, young Jayalalitha moved into film industry. She started acting most of her well known hits when she was 15. She had an older brother, Jayakumar, who died in the early 90's. He was married to Vijaya and has two children.
[edit]Film career
Prior to her venture into politics, she had a successful career in the Tamil film industry as an actress. She acted in the English language movie Epistle released in 1961 and produced by Shankar Giri, son of former president of India Dr. V. V. Giri.Chinnada Gombe, her first film in Kannada, was a major hit. Her first Telugu film Manushulu Mamathalu made her famous. In 1972, she was honored by the Tamil Nadu State Government with the Kalaimamani award. She has acted opposite Dharmendra in the Hindi Movie Izzat. Her last film was Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal in 1980.
She has sung the following songs in her film career;
| Song | Movie | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Music |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| amma endraal anbu | AdimaippeN (1969) | J. Jayalalitha | Vaali | K. V. Mahadevan |
| Oh meri dilruba | Sooriyakaanthi (1973) | TMS & J. Jayalalitha | Vaali | M. S. Viswanathan |
| naan endraal adhu | Sooriyakaanthi (1973) | SPB & J. Jayalalitha | Vaali & Randor Guy | M. S. Viswanathan |
| kangalil aayiram | VandhaaLe maharaasi (1973) | TMS & J. Jayalalitha | Vaali | Shankar-Ganesh |
| iru maangani pol | Vairam (1974) | SPB & J. Jayalalitha | Kannadasan | T. R. Papa |
| chithira mandabathil | Anbai thedi (1974) | TMS & J. Jayalalitha | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan |
| thirumangalyam kolluam murai | Thirumangalyam (1974) | P. Suseela & J. Jayalalitha | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan |
| ulagam oru naaL pirandhadhu | Thirumangalyam (1974) | J. Jayalalitha | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan |
| madrasu mailu | Unnai sutrum ulagam | J. Jayalalitha & L. R. Eswari | Vaali | Shankar-Ganesh |
| maaRi varum ulaginilay | J. Jayalalitha | Kunnakkudi Vaidyanathan |
 | The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (August 2009) |
[edit]Political Career
In 1981, she joined the AIADMK and was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1988, marking her entry into the Parliament of India. Her association with politics grew from her friendship with the Late M. G. Ramachandran (popularly known as M.G.R), a movie star and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu,[5][6][7][8][9][10] and her position as MGR's concubine helped her become his political heir.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]On M.G.R's death, she was alienated by a faction of the party who, instead, chose to support M.G.R's wife, Janaki Ramachandran. Drawing on her massive popularity and her image as the "wronged woman",[citation needed] in 1989, she won the elections to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly, incidentally, becoming the first woman to be elected Leader of the Opposition. In 1991, following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, just days before the elections, her alliance with the Indian National Congress paid off as a sympathy wave propelled the coalition to a massive victory. She was re-elected to the legislative assembly and became the first elected woman chief minister of Tamil Nadu, serving the full tenure (24 June 1991 - 12 May 1996) (Janaki Ramachandran technically became the first woman chief minister following her husband's death, but she was unelected and presided over a transitional 'caretaker' government). Due to an anti-incumbency wave, and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers, she lost power to the D.M.K in 1996, in a landslide defeat. All the ministers in her erstwhile cabinet, including her, were defeated in the elections and six of them even lost their deposits, meaning that they did not even secure the minimum number of votes expected of them. She returned to power with a huge majority in the 2001 elections, having mustered a bigger coalition and defying many pre-poll predictions. In the last assembly elections held in 2006, her party had to relinquish power to the DMK government.
[edit]Controversies and Lawsuits
During her years out of power, she has had to face a number of criminal lawsuits stemming from her first term rule mostly dealing with embezzlement and monetary fraud. In 2001, a specially designated court convicted her of criminal breach of trust and of illegally acquiring governmental property belonging to TANSI, a state-run agency, and sentenced her to five years' imprisonment. She appealed against the sentence to the Supreme Court of India. While the appeal was under judicial consideration, the conviction disqualified her from contesting the 2001 elections. However, having led her party to victory, she controversially became the Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the assembly in tamil nadu.
On 21 September 2001,[18] a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled that "a person who is convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such". Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue".
In effect, her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001.[19] O. Panneerselvam, a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was widely believed to have been puppeted and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa. In 2003, the Supreme Court acquitted her in the specific case, for lack of conclusive evidence to convict her. This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the Andipatti constituency, after the elected representative for the seat, gave up his membership. Winning the election by a handsome margin, Jayalalithaa took over the Chief Ministership again. She is still a party in a few criminal litigations, from her first term rule, in the courts in the neighbouring Karnataka state.[20]
After the 2006 assembly elections, O. Panneerselvam was elected the AIADMK legislature party leader and hence the Leader of the Opposition in the assembly after she decided not to attend the assembly except if "absolutely necessary". However, she, by virtue of her strong control over her party, was considered to be the de-facto leader of the opposition in the state. Later that month when all the attending AIADMK MLAs were suspended, she started attending the assembly. She was elected the legislature party leader and now (as of 2006) leads the opposition in the assembly.
[edit]Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
| Year | Elected/Reelected | Place |
|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Elected | Bodinayakkanur |
| 1991 | Elected | Bargur |
| 2002 | Elected | Andipatti |
| 2006 | Reelected | Andipatti |
[edit]Chief Minister
| From Year | To Year | Election |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 1996 | 1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election |
| 2002 | 2006 | 2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election |
[edit]Major legislative achievements
- Government Officers Strike declared illegal.
- Banning of High interest private loans.
- Completion of New Veeranam Water Supply Scheme for Chennai.
- Banning lottery tickets to encourage savings.
- Elimination of the bandit Veerappan.
- Introduction of Video conferencing in Jails and Courts, thus eliminating the need to physically bring the accused to court to extend the parole or remand every time.
- Rain water Harvesting Scheme, relief to water shortage.
- Free cycles to all graduating school students.
- Thottil Kuzhandai Thittam initiated by her won widespread accolades.
[edit]Criticisms
Allegations of oppressive style of governance
Her detractors consider her style of governance oppressive. The following incidents are a few which are popularly held against her, to justify such claims;
- In 2003, teachers of government-run educational institutions and employees of the state government declared an indefinite strike, demanding the repeal of an act that reduced their pension benefits. Jayalalithaa's government adopted a defiant stance [maintaining that the reduction was necessary to strengthen the fiscal position of the government]. A hurriedly enacted legislation enabled her to declare the strike illegal as it prevented the "maintenance of essential services" and terminate the services of the striking employees, numbering around 170,000. There were widespread allegations of hyperaction and witch-hunt, with the police being pressed into action to target striking individuals, sometimes to the extent of storming their residences and arresting them on flimsy grounds. The High Court and theSupreme Court of India, responding to appeals, ruled the government action legitimate but ordered the constitution of a three member Committee of High Court Judges to consider the appeals of the employees on an individual basis. The committee, deliberating over a period of six months, ordered the reinstatement of all but a little less than 4,000 employees, and recommended minor punishment to around 6,000 employees. Later, after her party suffered, Jayalalithaa reversed the decisions and reinstated all the dismissed employees and withdrew the penalties imposed, despite the Committee of Judges' findings.[21] This is widely believed to be in response to her defeat in the national elections in May 2004.
- Allegations have been raised over the veracity of claims in various criminal proceedings filed during her Chief Ministership against her detractors, including her estranged foster son V. N. Sudhakaran, accusing them of possessing narcotics.[22]
- In 1992, Chandralekha, an Indian Administrative Service officer and the chairperson of the state owned Industrial Development Corporation, was brutally assaulted on the streets of Chennai, and acid thrown at her face. It has been alleged that this was due to her refusal to toe Jayalalithaa's line in the affair of disinvestment in SPIC, a joint sector company. An arrested suspect in this case, Surla, alleged that he did it under instructions from Jayalalithaa and her close aide Sasikala Natarajan.
- On 30 May 1995, R. Shanmugha Sundaram, an advocate belonging to DMK, was grievously injured in an attack.ref>http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug05/n7.asp</ref> Allegations were leveled against Jayalalithaa.
- She has constantly been at the heart of controversy over the numerous defamation suits[23] filed against the opposition leaders and members of the press, using privileges available to her in the official capacity using government funds. She has been accused of being highly intolerant to negative criticism.
- Her actions against the Acharya of the Kanchi Kamakoti Mutt, His Holiness Shri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal, during her Chief-ministership, has been hailed in some quarters and condemned in others.
- Actions initiated against the then opposition leader and the current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi, and union ministersMurasoli Maran and T.R.Baalu, all belonging to DMK, in 2004, for the Flyover scam case, led to widespread criticisms of the action.[24]
- Orders were given to arrest the editors of The Hindu, a leading newspaper based in Chennai, for publishing an editorial entitled 'Rising Intolerance' that criticized her as a "crude use of state power". The editor of "Murasoli" - the magazine that reprinted the piece - was also arrested and sentenced to 15 days in prison.
[edit]Trivia
Many people and the media think that Jayalalitha believes in numerology and astrology pointing to her name change from "Jayalalitha" to "Jayalalithaa" as being directly borne out of such a belief.[25] Press reports too have mentioned her faith in astrology and numerology, stating that she consults astrologers before taking important political decisions.[26][27]
[edit]Selective Filmography
[edit]Awards and degrees
| Year | Award |
|---|---|
| 1972 | Kalaimamani award by the Government of Tamil Nadu |
| 1991 | University of Madras awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Literature |
| 1992 | Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Science |
| 1993 | Madurai Kamaraj University awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters |
| 2003 | Tamil Nadu Agricultural University awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Science and the Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters |
| 2005 | Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai, awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws |
[edit]References
- ^ Votes stolen via remote control: Amma's minister
- ^ http://www.dinamalar.com/Supplementary/kumudam_detail.asp?news_id=298&dt=11-11-09
- ^ a b c Raman AS, (2001) The Iron Lady of India onFindarticles.com.
- ^ a b Profile of Jayalalitha on Tamil Nadu Government website.
- ^ The Image Trap: M.G. Ramachandran in Film and Politics Journal article by Robert L. Hardgrave Jr.; Pacific Affairs, Vol. 66, 1993 - Hosted on Questia
- ^ The Changing Politics of Tamil Nadu in the 1990s by John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt (PDF) Retrieved on 11 November 2007
- ^ Peter Goodspeed - National Post - 12 November 2003 - Online version
- ^ Family business as politics - The Economic Times 1 February 2006 ([Reproduced:http://www.swaminomics.org/et_articles/et20060202_Family_Business_as_Poli.htm])
- ^ Obituary for Janaki Ramachandran mentioning Jayalalitha's relationship with MGR - Asiaweek
- ^ Private lives go public - The Times of India, 25 March 2001 Retrieved on 11 November 2007
- ^ India offers Arnie a pointer or two - Asia Times
- ^ Krishna K. Tummala (1992). "India's Federalism under Stress".Asian Survey 32 (6): 538–553.doi:10.1525/as.1992.32.6.00p01782.
- ^ Indian Politics: Encourages Durgas, Snubs Women - India Together 10 October 2006
- ^ Photoessay: Love Actually - MGR-Jayalalitha - Outlook (magazine)
- ^ Atul Kohli (1990). Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0521396921. pp 162
- ^ Alida Brill (1995). A Rising Public Voice: Women in Politics Worldwide. Feminist Press. ISBN 1558611118. pp 61
- ^ Paul R. Brass (1994). The Politics of India Since Independence.Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521459702. pp 131
- ^ News item quoting the Supreme Court judgment
- ^ Text of the judgment by the Supreme Court of India
- ^ .http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article257039.ece.
- ^ Ganashakti:Power of the People
- ^ "The Hindu : Sudhagaran gets bail in wealth case also". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 September 2001.
- ^ The media and the State government
- ^ rediff.com: Former TN Chief Minister Karunanidhi Arrested
- ^ `Scrabble' in real life - The Hindu, 23 December 2001
- ^ 9 again proves lucky for Jaya - The Tribune 25 February 2002
- ^ Jayalalithaa has grown more enigmatic with time - Column byKhushwant Singh
[edit]External links
- Profile on website of TamilNadu Government
- Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj
- Profile at Nilacharal
- Website dedicated for Dr. J. Jayalalitha
- Profile by BBC (1999)
- BBC News article - Jayalalitha returns to power (dated 2 March 2002)
- rediff.com Special on J. Jayalalithaa
- BBC - Controversial life of Jayalalitha
- BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)
| Preceded by Karunanidhi | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu First Tenure 1991-1996 | Succeeded by Karunanidhi |
| Preceded by Karunanidhi | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Second Tenure 14 May 2001-16 September 2001 | Succeeded by O. Panneerselvam |
| Preceded by O. Panneerselvam | Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Third Tenure 2002-2006 | Succeeded by Karunanidhi |
M. G. Ramachandran
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(December 2009) |
| | This article contains weasel words, vague phrasing that often accompanies biased orunverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (December 2009) |
- In this Indian name, the name "Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Ramachandran".
| Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran எம். ஜி. ஆர் | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 17, 1917 Nawalapitiya, British Ceylon |
| Died | December 24, 1987 (aged 70) Chennai, India |
| Other names | M. G. R., Puratchi Thalaivar |
| Occupation | Actor, Politician, Producer |
| Years active | 1936-1978 (Actor) 1953-1987 (Politician) |
| Spouse | Thangamani (deceased) Sathanandavathi (deceased) V. N. Janaki (died in 1996) |
 | This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. |
Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (Tamil: மருதூர் கோபாலன் இராமச்சந்திரன்,Malayalam: മരുതൂര് ഗോപാലന് രാമചന്ദ്രന്) (January 17, 1917 – December 24, 1987), popularly known by his initials MGR (Tamil: எம்.ஜி.ஆர்), was an Indian film actor, producer andpolitician.
In his youth, MGR and his elder brother, M. G. Chakrapani became members of a drama troupe to support their family. Influenced by Gandhian ideals, MGR joined the Indian National Congress. After a few years of acting in plays, he made his film debut in the 1936 film Sathi Leelavathi in a supporting role. In the late 1940s he graduated to leading roles and for the next three decades dominated the Tamil film industry.[1] He became a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) and rose rapidly through its ranks. He successfully used his popularity as a film hero to build a large political base. In 1972, he left the DMK to form his own party the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK). In 1977 he became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu - the first film actor in India to become the chief minister of a state. He remained as chief minister till his death in 1987.
In Tamil Nadu, he has a reputation for philanthropism and is considered to be one of the greatest political leaders and actors of the state. He is idolized by his followers as Puratchi Thalaivar (lit. Revolutionary leader)[2][3][4][5] MGR has been honoured with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.[6]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Early life and background
MGR was born in Nawalapitiya near Kandy, British Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), to immigrantKeralite parents — Melakkath Gopala Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama. His family was originally from Vadavannur, Palakkad, Kerala, but his father had migrated with his family to Ceylon. Melakkath Gopala Menon had been excommunicated from Keralite society (bhrasht) during a Smarthavicharam in 1903, regarding an illicit relationship with a widowed Brahmin woman;[7] and hence he left his family, and married Satybhama who was from a Ezhava caste, and migrated to Ceylon.[8][9]
MGR was a Hindu and portrayed himself as a devotee of Lord Murugan, as is common practice for many Hindus in Sri Lanka.[10] This was during his early days. Later, when he joined the DMK,a pro-rationalist party,he followed the rationalist ideology, though not appearing very aggressively atheistic.However,in later days after he founded his own party following his expulsion from the DMK, he seems to have shown some leaning towards religious faith. He had asked his followers to pray for the success of his AIADMK party.[11]
His followers even prayed for him when it was determined that he had a kidney illness.[12] After his demise, his wife opened up a temple in his name.
After his father's death, he joined a drama troupe called Original Boys. Later, he entered the world of cinema, becoming an actor, and later a director, producer, and editor. MGR married Bargavi also known as Thangamani who died early due to illness. He later married Sathanandavathi who also died soon due to Tuberculosis. M. G. R. married V. N. Janaki a former Tamil film actress as his third wife after the death of his second wife. Janaki divorced her husband Ganapati Bhat, to marry MGR.
[edit]Acting career
He made his film debut in 1935, in the film Sati Leelavati[13], directed by Ellis Dungan, an American born film director[14]. Generally starring in romance or action films, MGR got his big breakthrough in the 1947 film Rajakumaari, written by M. Karunanidhi. He won the National Film Award for Best Actor for the film Rickshakaran. His film Nadodi Mannan, which was produced and directed by himself and released in 1956, ran to full houses. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1988 (posthumous).
[edit]Political career
| M. G. Ramachandran | |
| | |
| Constituency | Andipatti |
|---|---|
| Political party | ADMK |
MGR was a member of the Congress Party till 1953 and he used to wear Khādī. In 1953 MGR joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) with the help of M. Karunanidhi. He became a vocal Tamil and Dravidian nationalist and prominent member of the DMK] ("Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam" aka Dravidian Progressive Federation). He added glamour to the Dravidian movementwhich was sweeping Tamil Nadu. He became a member of the state Legislative Council in 1962. He was first elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1967. After the death of his mentor,Annadurai, MGR became the treasurer of DMK in 1969 after Karunanidhi became the chief minister.
On the 12th of January 1967, he was shot in the neck by fellow actor M.R. Radha. The bullet was permanently lodged in his neck and his voice damaged. Within hours of the shooting, some 50,000-odd fans had gathered at the hospital where MGR had been taken. People cried in the streets; shops closed. For six weeks, he lay in the hospital as fans awaited each report of his health. He was visited by a steady stream of commoners and luminaries of film industry, polity and bureaucracy.From his hospital bed, he conducted his campaign for Madras Legislative Assembly. He won twice the number of votes polled by his Congress rival and the largest vote polled by any candidate for the Assembly.[15]
In 1972, DMK leader Karunanithi started to project his first son M.K.Muthu in a big way in film industry and also in politics. Understanding the tactics played by Karunanithi to corner him, MGR started to claim that corruption had grown within the party after the demise of Annadurai and in a public meeting asked for the financial details of the party to be publicized which enraged the leadership of DMK. Consequently, as expected, MGR was expelled from the party, and floated a new party named Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), later renamed All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the only powerful opponent of the DMK.He mobilised the period between 1972-1977 to spread and preach his party ambiition with films like Netru Indru Naalai(1974), Idhayakani(1975) etc..,. He became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on the 30th of July 1977, remaining in office till his death in 1987. In 1979, members of his party Satyavani Muthu andAravinda Bala Pajanor, became the first non-Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu to be ministers in the Union Cabinet. The AIADMK won every state assembly election as long as MGR was alive. Although Anna Durai as well as Karunanidhi had acted in stage plays in trivial roles, in their younger days, before becoming chief minister, MGR was the first popular film actor to be a Chief Minister in India.
Once he became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, he placed great emphasis on social development, especially education. One of his most successful policies was the introduction of the "Mid-day Meal Scheme" introduced by the popular Congress Chief Minister and Kingmaker K Kamaraj to a nutritious Mid-day Meal Scheme in the Government-run and aided schools in Tamil Nadu, which encouraged underprivileged children to attend schools. He also introduced Women's Special buses. He set up a free school for the Cinema Technicians children in Kodambakkam called MGR Primary & Higher Secondary School which provided Free Mid-Day meals in the 1950s.
His was instrumental in setting up the Tamil University and the Mother Theresa Women's University in Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]
[edit]Member of Legislative Assembly
| Year | Elected/Reelected | Place | Party |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Elected | St. Thomas Mount | DMK |
| 1971 | Reelected | St. Thomas Mount | DMK |
| 1977 | Elected | Aruppukottai | ADMK |
| 1980 | Elected | Madurai West | ADMK |
| 1984 | Elected | Andipatti | ADMK |
[edit]Chief Minister
| From Year | To Year | Election |
|---|---|---|
| 1977 | 1980 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1977 |
| 1980 | 1984 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1980 |
| 1984 | 1987 | Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 1984 |
[edit]Awards
- National Film Award for Best Actor for the film Rickshakaran in 1972.
- Honorary doctorate received from University of Madras and The World University (Arizona).
- Bharat Ratna was conferred by the Government of India (posthumously) in 1988 for his reformation activities and support from Tamil Nadu.
One famous incident was that MGR was nominated for the Padmashree award from the Government of India but he refused to accept as the wording was in Hindi and not in Tamil in 1960.
[edit]Philanthropy
He personally offered relief in disasters and calamities like fire, flood, drought, and cyclones. He was the first donor during the war with Chinain 1962, donating Rs. 75,000 to the war fund. He was the founder and editor of Thai weekly magazine and Anna daily newspaper in Tamil. He was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures (willed to charity) which produced many of the films he acted in. He gifted golden sword weighing half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple in Kollur, Udupi district.[1]
[edit]Death
In October 1984, MGR was diagnosed with kidney failure and rushed to the Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States for treatment, undergoing a kidney transplant. MGR died on December 24, 1987 after his prolonged illness. His death sparked off a frenzy of looting and rioting all over the state of Tamil Nadu. Shops, movie theatres, buses and other public and private property became the target of violence let loose all over the state. The police had to resort issuing shoot-at-sight orders. Tamilians from Bangalore rushed to Madras in trains to see the mortal remains of MGR. Govt had announced free train facility for this visit. The violence during the funeral alone left 29 people dead and 47 police personnel badly wounded. [2],[3] This state of affairs continued for almost a month all over the state of Tamil Nadu. Around onemillion[4] people followed his remains, around 30 followers committed suicide and people had their heads tonsured. After his death, his political party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, split between his wife Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jayalalithaa; they later merged in 1988. In 1989 Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired was established in the erstwhile Residence MGR Gardens, Ramavaram, in accordance with his will dated January 17, 1986. His official residence at 27, Arcot Street, T.Nagar is now MGR Memorial House and is open for public viewing.
[edit]Filmography
[edit]As Actor
[edit]As producer & director
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Nadodi Mannan | MGR's First film as Director, | |
| 1969 | Adimai Pen | MGR's second film as Director, | |
| 1973 | Ulagam Sutrum Valiban | MGR's Third film as Director, | |
| 1977 | Madhurai Meetha Sundharapandian | MGR's Fourth film as Director, |
[edit]Gallery
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 |  |  |
[edit]References
- ^ M.G. Ramachandran - Life History, Tamil Spider
- ^ M.G. Ramachandran Biography, Chahpak celebrities
- ^ M.G.Ramachandran, jointscene.com, INDIA
- ^ Biography of M.G. Ramachandran, http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mg-ramachandran/
- ^ Biography of M.G. Ramachandran, http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mg-ramachandran/
- ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)". Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/bhrashtu.htm
- ^ MGR
- ^ L. R., Jegatheesan. "ஆளும் அரிதாரம்" (in Tamil). BBC. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
- ^ P. 39 Religions in Modern World By Linda Woodhead, Fletcher, Kawanam
- ^ P. 131 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian
- ^ P. 18 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian
- ^ M. G. Ramachandran Summary
- ^ "Americans in Tamil cinema". The Hindu (Chennai, India). September 6, 2004.
- ^ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39680-8.
[edit]External links
| | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M.G. Ramachandran |
- M.G. Ramchandran: Jewel of the Masses
- The Hindu - Politics and Suicides in TN
- All about Dr MGR
- MGR Memorial Charitable Trust
| Preceded by M Karunanidhi | Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu 1977–1987 | Succeeded by Janaki Ramachandran |
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